Dendritic lesion

Wollenberg A. Kraft S. Hanau D. Bieber T Immuno-morphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell population in lesional skin of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 1996 106 446-453. 

Cheeran MC, Hu S, Sheng WS, Rashid A, Peterson PK, Lokensgard JR (2005) Differential responses of human brain cells to West Nile virus infection. J Neurovirol 11 512-524 Cudrici C, Ito T, Zafranskaia E, Niculescu F, Mullen KM, Vlaicu S, Judge SI, Calabresi PA, Rus H (2007) Dendritic cells are abundant in non-lesional gray matter in multiple sclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 83 198-206... 

D2 Mostly in striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle but also on neuron cell bodies in substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum where they are the autoreceptors for locally (dendritic) released DA. The loss of specific D2 antagonist binding in the striatum after lesions of the afferent nigro-striatal tract indicates their presynaptic autoreceptor role on terminals there. Other lesion studies have also established D2 receptors on other inputs such as the cortico striatal tract. 

Neuritic (senile) plaques Microscopic lesions composed of fragmented axon terminals and dendrites surrounding a core of amyloid seen in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer s disease. 

Ingested arsenic localizes to the skin [2, 7], where it may alter cutaneous immune responses. The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was suppressed in Bowen s disease patients [8], Langerhans cells (LC) in skin lesions and perilesioned skin from arsenic-induced Bowen s disease and carcinomas were reduced in number and were morphologically altered, having a notable loss of dendrites [9], These data suggest that chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water may... 

Keratinocytes secrete a unique profile of chemo-kines and cytokines after exposure to proinflam-matory cytokines. Keratinocyte-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) may be of particular importance in atopic dermatitis This protein is undetectable in normal skin or non-lesional skin in patients with atopic dermatitis, but is highly expressed in acute and chronic atopic dermatitis lesions [18]. TSLP instructs human dendritic cells to create a Th-2-permissive microenvironment by inducing the expression of OX40L which triggers the differentiation of inflammatory Th-2 cells [48]. 

CLL/SLL, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma MCL, mantle cell lymphoma FL, follicular lymphoma MZL/MALT, marginal zone lymphoma/mucosa-associated lymphoid tisuse lymphoma SMZL, splenic marginal zone lymphoma HCL, hairy cell leukemia DLCL, diffuse large-cell lymphoma PCM, plasma cell myeloma BCL-1, cyclin D1 FDC MW, Follicular dendritic cell meshworks CK, cytokeratin LELs, lymphoepitheilal lesions. 

In parallel to the discovery of the long-term actions of dopamine on the sensitivity of the corticostriatal pathway, there have been a series of studies, which suggest that in the striatum, as in the hippocampus, the changes in synaptic strength have structural consequences. The earliest of these is probably the study of spine numbers in the neostriatum after destruction of dopamine input (Ingham et al., 1989). After a 6-OHDA lesion it seemed that there were fewer spines on individual dendrites in the striatum. The effect was visible as soon as the damage became stable at three weeks after the lesion and was still present one year later. But the lesion does not involve glutamatergic neurones. So perhaps the spines that are lost may have had dopamine synapses on them. That too seems unlikely since we estimated earlier that only about 11 % of spines would have a dopamine... 

Initially, there is a confused state, Korsakoff s psychosis, that is characterized by confabulation and loss of recent memory, although memory for past events may be unimpaired. Later, clear neurological signs develop - Wernicke s encephalopathy. This is characterized by nystagmus and extraocular palsy. Postmortem examination shows hemorrhagic lesions in the thalamus, pontine tegmentum, and mammillary body, with severe damage to astrocytes, neuronal dendrites, and myelin sheaths. 

In AD neurons, there are three main types of neurofibrillary lesions (NFLs) according to their intracellular localization neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inside the cell body and apical dendrites, and neuropil threads (NThs) in distal dendrites and dysrophic neurites, associated with senile plaques. Morphologically, three major subtypes of NFTs can be distinguished, corresponding to different evolutionary stages of these lesions. 

Recurrent HSK has accompanying lid and conjunctival involvement in about 31% of cases. This involvement typically appears as unilateral follicular conjunctivitis with moderate to severe diffuse conjunctival hyperemia. The initial epithelial lesions of HSK are small vesicles that are generally described as punctate epithelial keratopathy. Although dendritic or ameboid keratitis is the most common manifestation of HSK (Figure 26-47), a diffuse... 

The dendritic corneal lesions of HZO are more superficial, smaller, and have blunter ends than do the dendrites caused by herpes simplex, which often have terminal bulbs (Table 26-6). They usually occur 4 to 6 days after the skin vesicles erupt and stain moderately well with rose bengal and NaFl (Figure 26-49). In addition to dendritic keratitis, mucous plaque keratitis may also occur almost anytime in the course of the disease but typically occurs... 

Figure 26-49 Dendritic corneal lesion (arrows) resulting from herpes zoster ophthalmicus, shown stained with rose bengal and NaFl.

Anterior stromal infiltrates can develop under the dendritic HZO lesions and appear as hazy, granular, nummular, subepithelial opacities. They have been observed in close proximity to enlarged comeal nerves, which possibly represents a perineuritis from viral destruction of the sensory nerves. These lesions are responsive to topical steroids, indicating they are most likely caused by a local immime reaction to the epithelial dendrites. 

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