DeCode

By way of illustration, very simple spectra for four substances (A, B, C, D) are shown (a) separately and (b) mixed in unequal proportions. The mixture spectrum is virtually impossible to decode if A, B, C, D are not known beforehand to be present. 

When the cell requires instructions for protein production, part of the code on DNA, starting at an initiator and ending at a stop codon, is converted into a more mobile form by transferring the DNA code into a matching RNA code on a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), a process known as transcription. The decoding, or translation, of mRNA then takes place by special transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA), which recognize individual codons as amino acids. The sequence of amino acids is assembled into a protein (see Proteins section). In summary, the codes on DNA... 

The information contained in the chemical stmcture of a given ligand is without value unless decoded and executed by the appropriate receptor. The pharmacologic analysis of dmg—receptor interactions is based on the understanding of how the dmg is recognized by the receptor, how the dmg—receptor complex forms, and how the dmg—receptor complex initiates its biological action (12). 

Decoding the Cosmetic Fahel, HHS PubHcation No. 95-5016, Department of Health and Human Services, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Data View for viewing contents of data files in tabular form coded/decoded information can be viewed with a button click -columns of data can be set in "show" or "hide" mode multiple data files can be viewed at the same time data files can also be edited when in view mode. 

Data Query using simple query structures (filters) can be built on field values or on coded and decoded information. 

In an effort to maximize economy of production and still retain clarity in presentation we have resorted to the extensive use of abbreviations in these tables. For the most part, these abbreviations should be self-explanatory and are decoded at the bottom of each page. Two less obvious abbreviations deserve special note. 

Coding and Decoding. Ten-bit binary codes are used to transmit the information in most techniques. In one technique, the maximum reading to be transmitted is divided ten times. In a word, each bit has the value corresponding to its rank. 

The word would be 1011011001 = 729. This is the same binary word as found previously. In each technique the accuracy is 0.08789° for a range of 0 to 90°. The rounding must be done the same way when coding and decoding. 

Static Complexity - which addresses the question of how an object or system is put together (i.e. only purely structural informational aspects of an object, or the patterns and/or strengths of interactions among its constituent parts), and is independent of the proces.ses by which information is encoded and decoded. 

RNA, in turn, is to read, decode, and use the information received from DNA to make proteins. Thus, three fundamental processes take place. 

Translation—the process by which the genetic messages are decoded and used to synthesize proteins... 

Cytokine receptors that couple to the JAK-STAT Pathway decode the signaling though hematopoietic cytokines (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors), prolactin, growth hormone, the a-, (3- and y- interferons, and a number of immunomodulatory interleukins [3], They form homodimetic or heterodimeric receptor complexes, which after ligandbinding recruit and activate isotypes of Janus kinases (JAKs). Activated JAKs in turn... 

Most communication systems can be separated into the basic components shown in Fig. 4-la. Figures 4-lb, c, d, e show some specific examples of how particular systems can be separated into these components. There is, of course, considerable flexibility in this separation sometimes it is convenient to consider an antenna as part of the channel, and sometimes as part of the coder or decoder. Here... 

Most of this chapter is concerned with discrete systems such as those in parts b, c, d of Pig. 4-1. These are systems in which the messages going into and out of the coder and decoder can be represented as sequences of symbols from a finite alphabet. While information theory can be generalized to deal with continuous processes, this generalization is best treated as a limiting operation on discrete processes. 

These examples then suggest that any general and fundamental models of communication systems (at least for digital data) should emphasize the size of the alphabets concerned and the probabilities of these letters, and should be relatively unconcerned with other characteristics of the letters. An appropriate model for this purpose consists of a random process in place of the source, a transformation on the samples of the random process for the coder, a random process at the output of the channel depending statistically on the input to the channel, and a transformation in the decoder. We are, of course, interested in knowing what transformations to use in the coder and decoder to make the decoder output as faithful a replica of the source output as possible. 

The major problem that we wish to consider can now be stated as follows for a given source and channel, how reliably can the source output be transmitted to the destination, and how can one build coders and decoders that approach this ideal ... 

The significance of channel capacity, as will be shown later, is that the output from any given discrete memoryless source with an entropy per channel digit less than C can be transmitted over the channel with an arbitrarily small probability of decoding error t>y sufficiently... 

At the output of the channel, the received digits are decoded by an arbitrary decoder into a sequence, v = > ) which is sup-... 

Proof of Theorem 4-10. Choose Tt arbitrarily, and choose two arbitrary numbers, jR0 0, 1 > e > 0. We will construct a source fipr which the rate RT is greater than R0 and a coding and decoding scheme such that Pe e. Let i, 2,- , be the letters in the source alphabet, where if is to be determined later Let... 

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