Signals decoding

Equations (33) and (34) demonstrate that the motion quantities 5 (displacement) and v (velocity) are encoded in phase and frequency modulation of the detector output signal, purely referenced to the laser wavelength A. Tobeableto recover the time histories s(t) and v t) from the modulated detector signal, adequate phase and frequency demodulation techniques, or both, are utilized in the signal decoder blocks of a laser vibrometer. 

The transition to sample domain is done by analytical evaluation (signal decoding). 

Any type of biosensor can operate either stationary or kinetically. This circumstance adds more variety to biosensor appliances. Stationary operation of biosensors is stipulated by the existence of diffusion-limiting stages, at which the biochemical activity of the selector has no effect on the stability of signal decoding from the detected substance. 

Three azimuth baselines at Sjaelland and three azimuth baselines at Sprog0 were determined with a Wild T2002 theodolite by observation of Polaris. A Compaq PC AT 286 containing a DCF time signal decoding card was used for timing. Because of unfavourable weather conditions planned precise latitude determinations using the Sterneck method could not yet be executed. 

Most multiplex analytical instruments depend on the Fourier transform (FT) for signal decoding and are thus often called Fourier transform spectrometers. Such instruments are by no means confined to optical spectroscopy. Fourier transform devices have been described (or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and microwave spectroscopy. Several of these instruments are discussed in some detail in subsequent chapters. The section that follows describes the principles of operation of Fourier transform optical spectrometers. 

Cytokine receptors that couple to the JAK-STAT Pathway decode the signaling though hematopoietic cytokines (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors), prolactin, growth hormone, the a-, (3- and y- interferons, and a number of immunomodulatory interleukins [3], They form homodimetic or heterodimeric receptor complexes, which after ligandbinding recruit and activate isotypes of Janus kinases (JAKs). Activated JAKs in turn... 

Fig. 3. A proposed signal transduction pathway regarding the external Ca effect on ginsenoside Rb synthesis by P. notoginseng cells. Ca signal changes are triggered by external Ca concentrations. The calcium signatures are decoded by calcium sensors, CaM and CDPK. UGRdGT is possibly modulated by the sensors in a direct or indirect (dashed lines) way. Changes of CDPK activity may result from increased synthesis or posttranslational modification of the enzyme (shown as CDPK ).

By the operations coding (analytical measurement) and decoding (analytical evaluation) information will be transformed from the sample domain into the signal domain and vice versa as shown in Fig. 2.12. Therefore, quantities which correspond to that of the sample domain (Q and Xq) must also exist in the signal domain. The characteristics in the signal domain are ... 

Fig. 3.1. Chemical measurement process (above) and information process (below) 1 Measurement, 2 Signal validation, 3 Evaluation/calibration, 4 Data evaluation, A Coding, B Selection, C Decoding, data evaluation... 

Signals used in analytical chemistry have a definite origin from particular species or given structural relationships between constituents of samples. The relation of the sample domain and the signals domain, i.e. the coding and decoding process as represented in Fig. 2.12, must be as unambiguous as possible. 

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