Transfer ribonucleic acids

When the cell requires instructions for protein production, part of the code on DNA, starting at an initiator and ending at a stop codon, is converted into a more mobile form by transferring the DNA code into a matching RNA code on a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), a process known as transcription. The decoding, or translation, of mRNA then takes place by special transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA), which recognize individual codons as amino acids. The sequence of amino acids is assembled into a protein (see Proteins section). In summary, the codes on DNA... 

Selenocysteine was identified in 1976 (57) in a protein produced by Clostridium stricklandii, and it is thought to be the form in which selenium is incorporated, stoichiometricaHy, into proteins. Studies with rats show that over 80% of the dietary selenium given them is incorporated into proteins, thus selenocysteine takes on metaboHc importance. Selenoproteins having known enzymatic activities contain selenocysteine at the active sites. Two other forms of metabohc selenium are recognized methylated selenium compounds are synthesized for excretion, and selenium is incorporated into some transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) in cultured cells (58). Some of the more important seleno-compounds are Hsted in Table 4. Examples of simple ring compounds are shown in Eigure 4. 

Hirschfield, I.N., Bloch, P.L., Van Bogelen, R.A. Neidhardt, F.C. (1981). Multiple forms of lysyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 146, 345-51. 

Singhal, R. P, Griffin, G. D., and Novelli, G. D., Separation of transfer ribonucleic acids on polystyrene anion exchangers, Biochemistry, 23, 5083, 1976. 

Gillam, I., Blew, D., Warrington, R. C., von Tigerstrom, M., and Tener, G. M. (1968). A general procedure for the isolation of specific transfer ribonucleic acids. Biochemistry 7,... 

The C-nucleosides are a group of C-glycosylated heterocycles in which the anomeric carbon atom is attached to the heterocycle by a C-C bond. For a number of years after its discovery, pseudouridine1 (1) was the only representative of this class of compound it is found as a minor component in various transfer ribonucleic acids.2 Since 1959, a number of other C-nucleosides have been isolated in rapid succession, mainly from fermentation sources, and have been found to exhibit a variety of interesting biological properties.3 Thus, pyraz-... 

Ribosomal synthesis of peptides proceeds through translation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and utilizes the 20 primary L-a-amino acids. These amino acids are incorporated with the use of specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) codons. The 20 primary a-amino acids, with the exception of glycine that is achiral, are characterized by an L-configuration at the a-position (Figure 1). In general, most proteins are found to be composed of these 20 L-a-amino acids, as such they are referred to as protein amino acids. 

Rubin, I.B., Mitchell, T.J., and Goldstein, G. (1971), A Program of Statistical Designs for Optimizing Specific Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Assay Conditions, Anal. Chem., 43, 717-721. 

Mupirocin, pseudomonic acid, is a product of Pseudomonas fluorescens discovered by Fuller etal. It is an inhibitor of isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (isoleucyl-tRNA) synthetase. 

Because of their relatively low molecular weight (70 to 90 nucleotide residues), transfer ribonucleic acids are of special interest for 13C NMR investigations [769, 778, 782-784] of nucleic acids. Using a tube of 20 mm o.d., a sample of thermally denatured yeast... 

Potts, R.O., Ford, Jr., N.C. and Fournier, M.J. (1981) Changes in the solution structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid associated with aminoacylation and magnesium binding. Biochemistry, 20, 1653-1659. 

Cerutti, P., and Miller, N. (1967). Selective reduction of yeast transfer ribonucleic acid with sodium borohydride.J. Mol. Biol. 26, 55—66. 

Cole, P., and Crothers, D. (1972). Conformational changes of transfer ribonucleic acid. Relaxation kinetics of the early melting transition of methionine transfer ribonucleic acid (Escherichia coli). Biochemistry 11(23), 4368—4374. 

Henley, D. D., Lindahl, T., et al. (1966). Hydrodynamic changes accompanying the thermal denaturation of transfer ribonucleic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55(1), 191—198. 

Rialdi, G., Levy, J., andBiltonen, R. (1972). Thermodynamic studies of transfer ribonucleic acids. I. Magnesium binding to yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry... 

TK Tn-368 Tn 7 tPA tRNA UTR X-gal YACs virus thymidine kinase cell line originated from the ovary of the insect Trichoplmia ni transposon 7 tissue plasminogen activator transfer ribonucleic acid untranslated regions 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- -D-galactoside yeast artificial chromosomes... 

Zorbax ODSS (10 pm), Nucleosil ODSS (5 pm) Octadecylsulfonated silica(ODSS) Separation of nucleotides, dinucleotides, transfer-ribonucleic acids MeCN-aqueous phosphate 35 65 v/v, 9.75 mM phosphate, 3.25 mM tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, pH 6.50 MeCN-MeOH-12mM ammonium phosphate30 40 30, v/v/v, pH 6.0 [93]... 

Trans stereochemistry, 41, 106 Transesterification, 85, 90 Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), 37 Transition metal catalysts, 110 Triacontane, 18 Triblock copolymers, 102 Trimec, 262 Tripeptides, 28-30 acidic, 30 Tryptophan, 29 Tyrosine, 29 Tyvek, 170,170... 

Approximately 1000 proteins comprise the mitochondrion the majority are encoded on genes located on nuclear DNA. In fact, as seen in Figure 8-5, the mtDNA encodes only 13 proteins. These mtDNA-encoded proteins are the seven subunits (ND1,2,3,4,4L, 5, and 6) of the NADH-dehydrogenase (RC I) one subunit (cytochrome b) of RC III three subunits (CO I, II, and III) of cytochrome c oxidase (RC IV) and two subunits (A6 and A8) of the ATP synthase (RC V).A11 of these proteins are components of the ETC or the ATP synthase involved in OXPHOS. In addition to these 13 proteincoding genes, the mtDNA encodes 22 mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules (the large 16S rRNA and the small 12S rRNA). 

Compounds 80, 81 and 82 have been used to assign correctly the 13C-NMR spectra of the covalent adducts which result from nucleophilic attack of bisulphite anion on them66. Previously, uracil labelled with 13C at C(4) has been applied67 to study its incorporation into transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) by taking the 13C NMR spectra of 13C-enriched tRNA. The fluidity of the fatty acids within biological membranes has been investigated68 by feeding 13C-labelled acetate. 

E. Ohtsuka, A. F. Markham, S, Nishikawa, S. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, T. Miyake, E. Nakagawa, and M, Ikehara, in Synthesis, Structure and Chemistry of Transfer Ribonucleic Acids and their Components, M. Wiewiorowski, ed., Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 1976, pp. 173-185. 

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