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Cytokine Cell Signaling

Cytokine signaling is strictly regulated at several sites to avoid damages resulting from uncontrolled signal transduction initiated from activated cytokine receptors. A number of cytokine signaling inhibitors have been described. [Pg.81]


Watowich, S.S., Wu, H., Socolovsky, M., Klingmuller, U., Constantinescu, S.N., andLodish, H.F. 1996. Cytokine receptor signal transduction and the control of haematopoietic cell development. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12, 91-128. [Pg.288]

Lymphocyte proliferation NK cell activity Antibody formation IL-2 system receptors Cytokine production Apoptosis Cell signaling... [Pg.528]

The coupling of superantigen—major histocompatibility complex class II to T-cell receptor swifdy results in cell-signaling cascades. ° These staphylococcal toxins can increase levels of phosphatidyl inositol from quiescent T cells, such as other mitogens, as well as elicit intracellular Ca movement that activates the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway important for interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression. " IL-2 is intimately linked to T-cell proliferation. In addition to the PKC pathway, the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) pathway is also activated by superantigens, leading to elevated expression of various proinflammatory cytokines. Staphylococcal superantigens also potently activate transcriptional factors NF-/IB (nuclear factor kappa B) and AP-1 (activator protein-1), which subsequently elicit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. " " ... [Pg.163]

Wajant H, Henkler F, Scheurich P. 2001. The TNF receptor-associated factor family Scaffold molecules for cytokine receptors, kinases and their regulators. Cell Signal. 13 389-400. [Pg.85]

Initial attempts at treating or preventing restenosis focused primarily on inhibition of the proliferation of vascular SMCs (VSMCs). A series of agents successful at inhibition of SMC proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo in animal models such as carotid injury models in the rat failed to demonstrate benefit in the clinic. More recently, it has been shown in addition to effects on SMCs, that mechanical intervention also activates the recruitment and activation of immune cells. Cell signaling through cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecule expression results in the recruitment to the vascular wall of cells of many types, as well as their proliferation, migration, and/or maturation. [Pg.316]

The stress or growth pathways modulated by vanadium involve specialized effectors and often can be activated by excess ROS. Cytokines, small proteins that effect communication between cells or cell behavior, can be involved in the cellular stress response. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) is a cytokine stress signal that binds to a membrane receptor (tumor necrosis factor receptor, or TNFR). This interaction stimulates kinase activity that leads to cell injury and inflammation and also to the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases that are involved in apoptosis. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade regulates both mitosis and apoptosis signaling pathways. [Pg.195]

Tan KS, Nackley AG, Satterfield K, Maixner W, Diatchenko L, Flood PM (2007) Beta2 adrenergic receptor activation stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages via PKA- and NF-kappaB-independent mechanisms. Cell Signal 19 251-260. [Pg.42]

LPS modifications play a role in CAMP resistance and virulence and also influence the host response to infection by altering cell signaling and the release of cytokines and other innate immune factors (Kawasaki et al., 2004b Lee et al., 2004). [Pg.115]

Genomic tools 31 This method takes advantage of select genomic (microarray-or PCR-based approaches) and proteomic (antibody array analysis) tools to identify the receptors for growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and other components of cell signaling pathways expressed by a culture of interest. [Pg.1433]

Studies of cytokines, various kinases, etc., will clarify the complex area of cell signaling, which varies from cell adhesion to differentiation, and apoptosis. As progress continues, useful clinical methods will probably be developed whereby various age-related diseases can be controlled and/or prevented. [Pg.49]


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