Culture cell differentiation

Archer C.W., Rooney P., Wolpert L. (1982) Cell shape and cartilage differentiation of early chick limb bud cells in culture. Cell Differentiation, 11 (4), 245-251. 

It is well-known that the identification of several stem cell sources and their isolation promise to revolutionize the concept of regenerative medicine (Conrad and Huss 2005), allowed us to develop numerous cell-based therapies. For cell therapy, either differentiated (e.g., autologous chondrocytes) (Risbud and Sittinger 2002) or undifferentiated (e.g., stem cells) cells (Spangrude 2003, Zeng and Rao 2007) can be used. An implantation at the injury site of freshly isolated cells (e.g., own-patient cells) or cultured cells (differentiated cells alone or in combination with stem cells, and with or without the presence of bioactive molecules) is a possibihty. 

Cellular therapies in transplantation and cancer are based on specific cells separated or sorted from human blood, bone marrow, or cord blood by means of their specific cell surface markers or cell differentiation antigens, e.g., CD3, CD4, CD8, CD 14, CD 19, and CD34. For example, the CD34+ stem cells, especially those derived from human embryos, have the capacity to differentiate in culture to generate different somatic cells, e.g., liver cells, heart cells, neurons, etc. This exploding field of research is now termed regenerative medicine. 

Included among other differentiating cell lines which have been established in culture, is the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60, which differentiates into more mature myeloid cells upon treatment with retinoic acid and prostaglandin E] (PGEi). Friend erythroleukemia cells differentiate into hemoglobin-producing cells when treated with either dimethyl sulfoxide, or hexamethylene bis-acetamide. 

Girod, R-A. and Zryd, J.-R, Secondary metabolism in cultured red beet Beta vulgaris L.) cells Differential regulation of betaxanthin and betacyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 25, 1, 1991. 

Zweibaum A, M Laburthe, E Grasset, D Louvard. (1991). Use of cultured cell lines in studies of intestinal cell differentiation and function. In M Field, CA Frizzell, eds. Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, The Gastrointestinal System, Vol. IV, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion. Bethesda, MD Am Physiol Society, pp 223-255. 

Translation-competent ER membrane fractions can also be prepared from tissue culture cells. We recommend a terminally differentiated secretory suspension cell line, such as a plasmacytoma (e.g., J558L), which contains abundant levels of ER membrane. In this protocol, cells are collected by centrifugation (5 min, 500 x g) and resuspended in a homogenization buffer containing 10 mMKOAc, 10 mMK-HEPES, pH 7.5, 1.5 mMMg(OAc)2,... 

LENZ, R., ZENK, M.H., Purification and properties of codeinone reductase (NADPH) from Papaver somniferum cell cultures and differentiated plants, Eur. J. Biochem., 1995, 233, 132-139. 

The use of buccal cell cultures for assessing the permeability of the buccal mucosa has attracted recent attention (see Chap. 7 for a more extensive summary). In order to culture buccal epithelial cells, the cells must be harvested from an appropriate source and cultured under specific conditions using an appropriate growth medium, temperature, and humidity [46], Cell cultures have been successfully grown from hamster cheek pouch. These cultured cells, however, did not differentiate to form a complete keratinized surface as seen in the normal hamster cheek pouch, and they consequently displayed a greater permeability to compounds when compared with keratinized hamster cheek pouch mucosa [134], Therefore, the cultured hamster cheek cells more closely mimicked the human buccal mucosa due to their lack of keratinization, and so this may be an appropriate model for predicting permeability through the human buccal mucosa. 

Gorodeski GI, Eckert RL, Utian WH, Sheean L, and Rorke EA [1990] Cultured human ectocervical epithelial cell differentiation is regulated by the combined direct actions of sex steroids, glucocorticoids and retinoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70 1624-1630... 

Over 300 peptides isolated in our laboratory were studied in one or more tumor or normal cell cultures [39-44]. Part of the results obtained is summarized in Table 2.3. Over 75% of the peptides showed pronounced proliferative or antiproliferative activity in at least one cell type (Fig. 2.3). As a rule, tumor cells are more sensitive to peptide action. Besides the cell type, experimental conditions such as cell density or composition of the culture medium also affected the overall effect. In several cases (13%, Fig. 2.3) even the sign of the effect was peptide concentration dependent. Generally, experiments with cell cultures conform with the view that the main physiological function of cell and tissue peptidomes is control of long term processes and the homeostatic balance (i.e. cell differentiation, proliferation and elimination). The overall effect of peptide pools is achieved by concerted action of total sets of peptides rather than by single components. The molecular mechanisms of peptide action in cells requires concrete study in each individual case and are the subject of current research. 

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