Chick limb

Robert, B., Lyons, G., Simandle, B. K., Kuroiwa, A., and Buckingham, M. (1991). The apical ectodermal ridge regulates Hox-7 and Hox-8 gene expression in developing chick limb buds. Genes Dev. 5 2363-2374. 

Gaunt, S.J. (1997). Chick limbs, fly wings and homology at the fringe. Nature (London) 386,324-325. 

Honig, L.S. (1981). Positional signal transmission in the developing chick limb. Nature (London) 291, 72-73. 

Iten, L. (1982). Pattern specification and pattern regulation in the embryonic chick limb bud. Amer. Zool. 22,117-129. 

Saunders, J.W. Jr. (1977). The experimental analysis of the chick limb bud development. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (Ede, D.A., Hinchliffe, J.R., Balls, M., Eds.), pp. 1-24. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 

Summetbell, D., Lewis, J.H., Wolpert, L. (1973). Positional information in chick limb morphogenesis. Nature (London) 244,492-496. 

Thaller, G. Eichele, G. (1987). Identification and spatial distribution of retinoids in the developing chick limb bud. Nature (London) 327,625-628. 

Vargesson, N., Clarke, J.D.W., Vincent, K., Coles, C., Wolpert, L., Tickle, C. (1997). Cell fate in the chick limb bud and relationship to gene expression. Development, 124, 1909-1918. 

An unsaturated derivative of retinoic acid, 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid (Fig. 7.10), has been demonstrated by Eichele and Thaller to be an important signaling molecule in a model system of limb development, the chick limb bud assay (42). 3,4-Didehydroretinoic acid is derived from 3,4-didehydroretinol, which is... 

Ferrari, D., Sumoy, L., Gannon, J., Sun, H., Brown, A.M., Upholt, W.B., Kosher, R.A. 1995. The expression pattern of the Distal-less homeobox-containing gene Dlx-5 in the developing chick limb bud suggests its involvement in apical ectodermal ridge activity, pattern formation, and cartilage differentiation. Mech. Dev. 52, 257-264. 

Crossley, P., Minowada, G., MacArthur, C., Martin, G. 1996b. Roles for FGF8 in the induction, initiation and maintenance of chick limb development. Cell 84, 127-136. 

Retinoic acid is perhaps the best characterised morphogen in vertebrates and has been extensively studied in developing chick limb bud. There is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid across the limb anlage, which acts to regulate its development... 

Dealy, C.N., Roth, A., Fenari, D., Brown, A.M.C. Kosher, R.A. (1993). Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a are expressed in the developing chick limb bud in a manner suggesting roles in pattern formation along the proximodistal and dorsoventral axes. Meek Dev., 43, 175-86. 

Nohno, T., Noji, S., Koyama, E. el al. (1992). Differential expression of two Msfi-related homeobox genes Chox-7 and Chox-8 during chick limb development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Cotnmun., 182, 121-. ... 

Noji, S., Nohno, T., Koyama, E. et al (1991). Retinoic acid induces polarizing activity but is unlikely to be a morphogen in the chick limb bud. Nature, 350, 3-6. 

Schofield, JJ I, Rowe, A. Brickell, P.M. (1992). Positioiv dependence of retinoic zidd receptor-/ gene expression in the chick limb bud. Deo. Biol, 152, 344-53. 

Shinomura, T., Nishida, Y., Ito, K. Kimata, K. (1993). cDNA cloning of PG-M, a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed during chondrogenesis in chick limb buds. /. Biol. Chem., 268, 14461-9. 

Fig. 1. Diagram to show early chick limb with signaling tissues and the three axes, A-Po (anterior-posterior), P-Di (proximal-distal), D-V (dorsal—ventral).

Treat chick limb buds (stages 19-21) with cold trypsin and remove ectoderm. 

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