Costs of site preparation

If the system is developed in-house there is the obvious cost of the development labor, but even if the system is purchased, staff will have to be committed to requirements analysis, liaison with the system vendor, integration of the system into operations, and in-house system support and maintenance. If the system is modest (based on a small minicomputer or super microcomputer), only the acquisition cost may be significant. If the system is a large one (based on a mainframe or super minicomputer) then the cost of site preparation, air conditioning, cable installation and service contracts will have to be considered. 

The total direct cost (TDC) includes both the direct installation costs and the costs of site preparation and buildings. Further, the sum of the total direct cost and total indirect cost (or direct installation costs) is termed the battery limits cost. Finally, the battery limits cost plus the cost of off-site facilities (e.g., a railroad spur) comprise the total depreciable investment. Put simply, this is the portion of the TCI for which the firm is permitted to take a depreciation deduction on its corporate income tax return. The other portion of the TCI, namely, land and working capital, may not be depreciated. Hence, this portion is called the total nondepreciable investment. 

Total cost for initial catalyst charges Total bare-module investment, TBM Cost of site preparation Cost of service facilities Allocated costs for utility plants and related facilities... 

Continuous plant operation Feedstock MCB product Benzene co-product HCl gas co-pioduct Total bare-module costs, Cxbm Cost of site preparation and service facilities,... 

Cost of Site Preparations 5.0% of Total Bare Module Costs Cost of Service Facilities 5.0% of Total Bare Module Costs Allocated Costs for utility plants and related facilities 0... 

Direct Permanent Investment Cost of Site Preparation 51,100 ... 

The cost of any required external ductwork and other nonstandard auxiliary equipment must be added to C, and the total multiplied by 1.08 to cover sales taxes and freight. The product is the total purchased equipment cost, PEC. The PEC must be multiplied by 1.61 to cover direct and indirect installation costs. The resulting installed equipment cost plus the cost of site preparation and buildings, as required, represents the total capital investment for the fixed-bed adsorption system. 

In 1998, the DOE prepared a cost estimate of a 10-ton/day DC arc system. The system includes a furnace, waste feed system, off-gas treatment system, secondary combustion chamber, power supplies (arc power, glass overflow heating system, and metals drain), instrumentation, control systems, and product removal and handling systems. Site permitting costs and site preparation costs were also estimated (D207307). These estimates are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. 

Operating costs are dependent on site conditions. Factors that impact cost include the amount of site preparation required, properties of the media to be treated (density, water content, etc.), volume of material to be processed, depth of processing, unit price of electricity, and season of the year. Costs can vary by 55 to 77/metric ton between treating dry soil and treating fully saturated soil. In such cases, predrying the soil may become cost effective (D136016, pp. 853-854). 

The cost to treat 44,000 tons of contaminated soil and sediment at the Re-Solve Superfund site in North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, was approximately 6,800,000. This represents a unit cost of 155 per ton of soil treated. These costs include site preparation, mobilization, and demobilization of the unit, capital equipment, startup, labor, consumable materials, utilities, handling of residues and waste associated with the unit, transportation, disposal, maintenance, and modification (D19666B, p. 142). 

Balance of System - In a solar energy system, refers to all components other than the collector. In terms of costs, it includes design costs, land, site preparation, system installation, support structures, power conditioning, operation and maintenance costs, indirect storage, and related costs. 

Table 9-51 fflves typical values of such factors for carbon steel installations taken from the data of D. R. Woods Financial Decision Making in the Process Industiy, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1975, p. 184). Auxiliaries and site preparation are given as factors of the delivered-equipment cost in Table 9-51, whereas C. A. Miller [Chem. 

Equipment and Economics A veiy large electrodialysis plant would produce 500 /s of desalted water. A rather typical plant was built in 1993 to process 4700 mVday (54.4 /s). Capital costs for this plant, running on low-salinity brackish feed were 1,210,000 for all the process equipment, including pumps, membranes, instrumentation, and so on. Building and site preparation cost an additional 600,000. The building footprint is 300 itt. For plants above a threshold level of about 40 m Vday, process-equipment costs usually scale at around the 0.7 power, not too different from other process eqiiip-ment. On this basis, process equipment (excluding the ouilding) for a 2000 mVday plant would have a 1993 predicted cost of 665,000. 

Site preparation and soil analysis are very important for grassroots plant estimating. If the stage of the project is such that no site has been selected, a generous allowance for site preparation should be included. Once the site has been selected, this phase of the estimate should be firmed at once. If soil conditions are less than ideal, an estimate of the added cost for piling, compacting, or whatever the soil conditions require must be included. 

Vaccari (1983,1999) has given a state-of-the-art account of the preparation and catalytic properties of cationic and anionic clays. Some examples of industrial importance have also been reported. Clays exhibit many desirable features, such as low cost, wide range of preparation variables, ease of set-up and wOrk-up, high selectivity, and environmental friendliness. Cationic clays are widespread in nature, whereas anionic clays are rarely found in nature, but they can be synthesized cheaply. Cationic clays are prepared from the minerals but industrial anionic clays are generally synthetic. Smectite clays exhibit both Brpnsted and Lewis acid sites on the edges of the crystals. Hammet s acidity function values are as follows Na -montmorillonite (M), -3 to t- 1.5 NH4VM -3 to 1.5 H M -8.2 to -5.6 acid activated clay less than -8.2. Laporte also has a synthetic version of cationic clays, Laponite. The acid... 

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