Cost of preparation

Example 12 Expected Value of Net Profit Let iis consider a contractor who stands to make a net profit of 100,000 on a contract. The cost of preparing the bid on the contract is 10,000. There are four competing contractors, each with a probability pi = 0.25 of obtaining the contract. Thus, each contractor has a probability p2 = 0.75 of not obtaining the contract. Therefore, the expected value of the project is... 

Certain disadvantages of this method of analysis should be enumerated. The preparation of standards becomes a major task if a large variation in concentrations of multicomponent samples is expected. The cost of preparing standards for expensive elements is a major consideration however, recovery and purification are possible. 

The cost of preparing an estimate increases from about 0.1 per cent of the total project cost for 30 per cent accuracy, to about 2 per cent for a detailed estimate with an accuracy of 5 per cent. 

Because prime plant sites are scarce and expensive, more and more is being spent to correct site deficiencies. One company spent over 1, 000,000 to make a usable site out of a 1, OOO-acre (400-hectare) plot. This high cost of preparing a plant site is one of the major reasons why plants often cost more than expected and why projects are not completed on schedule. 

Many types of component are produced by this method with little difficulty, but, unless very extreme measures of mould design are employed, some components of an intricate nature defy moulding by compression techniques. The reasons are usually the difficulty or cost of preparing a suitable blank shape, the impossibility of ensuring flow of the required amount of rubber into the cavity, or the inability to retain loose metal inserts for bonding in their correct positions. 

The advantages of attenuated vaccines are (1) they have a low cost of preparation, (2) they elicit the desired immunological response, and (3) normally a single dose is sufficient. The disadvantages are (1) a potential to revert to virulence and (2) a limited shelf life. 

In recent years researchers both in the U.S.A. and Europe have expended considerable time and effort in seeking to prepare rare earth metals of very high purity. For the most part their work has been successful and today it is possible to obtain several metals having an absolute purity of 99.99%. Understandably such metals tend to be available only in small quantities and their true cost of preparation is often discounted when set against a particular requirement. 

These compounds, however, have not been used in practice (apart from silver fulminate, as mentioned above) due to the high cost of preparing them. 

A method is given that involves fermenting Jerusalem artichoke tuber with Streptococcus bovis. This simplifies and decreases the cost of preparing L(+)-lactic acid. 

A formula to estimate the expense in performing a HAZOP or What-If review is provided below. The cost of review can be broken into three parts the cost of preparation, the review itself and the cost of documentation preparation. 

IV). Calcium n-altronate may be converted not only to D-altrose, but it may serve also as a source of n-ribose if the cost of preparing ribose by other methods should make this desirable. The degradation of calcium n-altronate to n-ribose by means of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ferric acetate as a catalyst has been described by Hudson and Richtmyer. 

Majority of nanoliposome manufacture techniques either involve utilisation of potentially toxic solvents (e.g. chloroform, methanol, diethyl ether and acetone) or high shear force procedures. It has been postulated that residues of these toxic solvents may remain in the final liposome or nanoliposome preparation and contribute to potential toxicity and influence the stability of the lipid vesicles (35-38). Although there are methods to decrease the concentration of the residual solvents in liposomes (e.g. gel filtration, dialysis and vacuum), these are practically difficult and time-consuming procedures. In addition, the level of these solvents in the final formulations must be assessed to ensure the clinical suitability of the products (39). Therefore, it would be much preferable to avoid utilisation of these solvents in nanoliposome manufacture, which will also bring down the time and cost of preparation especially at the industrial scales. 

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