Cost impacts

For by-product coke ovens, it is general practice to blend two or more types of coals that have complimentary technical as well as economic characteristics. Because most by-product coke plants are located near the large industrial users of the coke and by-products, coals usually have to be transported from the coal mines to the coke plants. Thus coal blends are designed on integration of coke quaUty needs, by-product quaUty needs, coal costs, transportation costs, impacts of productivity, and impacts on the coke ovens themselves. The physical behavior of coal blends during coking can damage coke ovens. 

Seismic zone basis must be specified for structural design. Soil data is important, especially for cases where extensive use of foundation piling is required with major cost impact. Availability of aggregate or natural pond stabilization materials near the site will not be considered for early cost estimates, but can be kept in mind for future planning if the project is given the green light. 

Weiss MA, McCollum M (1998). Cost impact of using olanzapine at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Poster presentation at the Third Annual Meeting of ISPOR, Philadelphia, May 1998. Abstract published in Value Health 1, 25. 

The EPS system was initially developed to be used within the product development process as a tool to help assess the environmental performance of products. The system is based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) methodology and uses inventory data (kg of substance A), characterization factors (impact/kg of substance X) and weighting factors (cost/impacts) to calculate the external costs or values of a product. By multiplying the characterization factor with the weighting factor, an impact index is obtained (cost/kg of substance X) which describe the cost/values related to the emission per use of a kg of a certain substance. 

The impact on cost at 50 cents a pound is similar. The per pound cost increases by 16 percent at 40,000 pounds of output per year, 26 percent at 25,000 pounds per year, and 64 percent at 10,000 pounds per year. Again, the cost impact becomes increasingly severe at the lowest levels of production. 

The effect is much the same at costs of 1 and 2 per pound. The cost increase becomes increasingly dramatic as the production level decreases. As Figure A shows, however, the PMN-cost impact begins to weigh most heavily on each pound of a substance at a level between 20,000 pounds per year and 60,000 pounds per year, depending on the cost of the product. At 25 cents per pound, costs begin to rise rapidly under 60,000 pounds of output, while at 2 per pound the most rapid cost increases occur under 20,000 pounds of production. 

The result is a parsimonious framework with intuitive appeal that supports investments in customer satisfaction programs and customer loyalty programs. To counter-balance the linkages discussed above, the cost impact of the vendor s customer management effort can be implicitly (e.g. Heskett, et al., 1994) or explicitly (e.g. Bowman Narayandas, 2004 Kamakura, Mittal, de Rose, Mazzon, 2002) accounted for. 

A high premium should be placed on capturing and disseminating lessons learned from JACADS closure. To the extent possible, other disposal sites could incorporate applicable JACADS experience in their original permit applications or in early permit modifications doing so would help avert indecision and potential schedule delays and additional cost impacts associated with late permit modification development and processing. 

The patient package insert (PPI) provision (this provides that patient information on dosage, adverse effects, etc., would be included with prescription as well as over-the-counter drugs) of the DRRA appears to have gathered more attention on the cost impact side than is warranted. The PPI should save expensive physician time at a small cost per prescription. However, as long as no hard figures exist, the cost of PPIs will undoubtedly continue to be an issue. 

Disadvantages include the fact that deactivation rather than detection of bombs would offer no help in finding the would-be criminal bombers significant (and possibly costly) impacts on current processes of manufacturing detonators and the risk of accidentally deactivating detonators, resulting in their failure for normal use. No research beyond initial conceptualization has been conducted for this concept ... 

Carlson, G. (1998). Cost impacts if atrazine or triazines were not available to growers. In L.G. Ballantine, J.E. McFarland, and D.S. Hackett, eds., Triazine Flerbicides Risk Assessment. ACS Symposium Series 683, Washington, DC. American Chemical Society, pp. 35 -8. 

Outcomes research is defined as studies that attempt to identify, measure, and evaluate the end results of health care services. Outcomes research may evaluate not only the clinical effects of health care services but also the economic and humanistic impact of these services. Proponents of outcomes research believe that we should measure not only the clinical and cost impacts of health care but also outcomes that take factors... 

However, passing through the opportunity cost impacts of the EU ETS would increase prices relative to imports from regions outside the EU ETS.4 This forms the main constraint on the ability to pass Correlated costs on to customers. The chart also shows (horizontal axis) the existing degree of imports from outside the EU. The quite exceptional position of aluminium, as noted in Smale et al. (this issue), is readily apparent - not only is its NVAS potentially twice that of any other sector, but the same is true of its import intensity. 

In the ring system, the bandwidth between adjacent processors is fixed howevet, utilizing the special characteristics of a ring connected architecture provides system intercommunication bandwidths which tend towards the arithmetic product of this fixed interprocedure bandwidth and the number of processors in the system. Thus, a proportionate increase in supporting intercommunications bandwidth is available as processors are added to the system Expansion within a ring connected system is, of course, virtually unlimited and has a very low cost impact. 

Figure 7.8 Ethylene production cost - impact of scale of operation...

Unfortunate medication use outcomes have been summarized as drug misadventuring or drug-related morbidity and mortality. This is a serious concern in health care, a concern left unresolved for many years. In addition, data and information on the incidence and economic consequences of preventable drug-related morbidity continue to mount. About 3.2% of all hospital admissions in the U.S. and Europe might be caused by preventable drug-related morbidity in ambulatory care. In 1995, the cost impact of these drug therapy problems in the U.S. health care system was estimated to be 76 billion, and a more recent update of this estimate for 2000 is 177 billion. ... 

Insuring that all factors with potential cost impact are taken into account so that they can be included in the cost estimates and considered in the project schedule. 

Thorough and systematic review of all items with potential cost impact. 

The execution approach and contracting strategy will affect engineering costs, labor productivity, and field indirects. Since the cost impact could be substantial, the estimate package must include at least a simple description of the execution plan. 

Reaffirm the Owner s right of review and approval, establish a review and approval cycle, and make sure that the resulting schedule and cost impact is included in the lump sum. 

As in project cost, the greatest opportunities to influence project schedule are found during the initial project stages. Cost and schedule are intimately related and the schedule corresponding to the minimum execution cost is the optimum one. Any deviations could have a negative cost impact. 

Come up with quick conceptual estimates to evaluate the cost impact of proposed alternatives. 

Site selection is probably the activity with the single greatest potential cost impact. The site factors affecting cost can go well beyond those affecting capital cost some, like those listed below, would also impact production and marketing costs. 

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