Costs material cost

Summarizing, the product value consists of material costs and average production costs considering fixed and variable costs. Material costs are calculated based on the product value of ingoing products applying recipe... 

The prepreg winding technique offers better control of fiber volume fraction, but at a cost. Material costs are 1.5 to 2 times higher, and there are additional costs associated with storing the preimpregnated (thermosetting matrix) tows. Preimpregnated tows are used almost exclusively for thermoplastic matrix materials, where there are no shelf-life restrictions. 

Economic Potential is the income obtained from selling products and by-products, minus expenses, which include both the cost of raw materials and operating costs. Material costs are determinant, but submitted to large uncertainty. The difference between the prices of toluene and benzene should be sufficient to ensure a profitable process (Table 17.2). As noted in Chenier, the price of toluene should be at least of 132 /tonne. In the 1990 decade the price of benzene oscillated between 1 and 2 /gallon, or between 260 and 520 /ton. Sub-products, heavies, gas purge and gas distillate, may be used as fuel in the process itself It is rational to consider prices comparable with the replaced commercial fuel. 

Having assembled the information, it is necessary to assess if it is in a suitable form for analysis. For example, it may be that surgery costs are well documented and broken down into staff costs, material costs, overheads etc., but it may nevertheless not be possible to decide what part of these costs should be apportioned to the treatment of a particular accidental injury. 

Factory cost = materials cost + DMC (1 + arbitrary factor)... 

Reduce molding costs such as mold start-up costs, part-molding costs, material costs, mold rework costs, and scrap and regrind costs. 

Material Cost/Pound (US /lb.) Material Cost (%) Material Cost/Pound (US /lb.) Material Cost (%)... 

O M activities represent a significant share of the expenses during the lifecycle of the projects (Kaldellis and Kapsali, 2013). O M costs can be considered to comprise of labour costs, material costs, access vessels lifting vessels costs and potential revenue losses. In this respect, it is important to identify the critical elements that can significantly reduce overall costs. 

The inventory pattern when a lot size of g is followed by lot sizes of g is shown in Figure 11-5. The objective is to identify g that minimizes the total cost (material cost -b ordering cost + holding cost) over the time interval during which the quantity g (ordered during the promotion period) is consumed. 

Energy consumption and other overhead costs Material costs and availability Material to process compatibility Component form and dimensions Tolerance requirements Surface finish needs Bulk treatment and surface engineering Process to component variability -> Process waste - Component recycling... 

Economic factors, including labour availability and cost, material cost (e.g. the fluctuating price of steel), transport cost, and the cost of funds (credit availability and interest rates). 

Part Cost = material costs + processing costs... 

Unwanted byproducts usually cannot be converted back to useful products or raw materials. The reaction to unwanted byproducts creates both raw materials costs due to the raw materials which are wasted in their formation and environmental costs for their disposal. Thus maximum selectivity is wanted for the chosen reactor conversion. The objectives at this stage can be summarized as follows ... 

Raw materials efficiency. In choosing the reactor, the overriding consideration is usually raw materials efficiency (bearing in mind materials of construction, safety, etc.). Raw material costs are usually the most important costs in the whole process. Also, any inefficiency in raw materials use is likely to create waste streams that become an environmental problem. The reactor creates inefficiency in the use of raw materials in the following ways ... 

Considering raw materials costs only, the economic potential (EP) of the process is defined as... 

Raw materials costs dominate the operating costs of most processes (see App. A). Also, if raw materials are not used efficiently, this creates waste, which then becomes an environmental problem. It is therefore important to have a measure of the efficiency of raw materials use. The process yield is defined as... 

EP = value of products - raw materials costs - annualized capital cost - energy cost... 

The value of PRODUCT formation and the raw materials cost of FEED that reacts to PRODUCT are constant. Alternatively, if the byproduct has no value, the cost of disposal should be included as... 

By considering only those raw materials which undergo reaction to undesired byproduct, only the raw materials costs which are in principle avoidable are considered. Those raw materials costs which are inevitable (i.e., the stoichiometric requirements for FEED which converts into the desired PRODUCT) are not included. Raw materials costs which are in principle avoidable are distinguished from those which are inevitable from the stoichiometric requirements of the reaction. ... 

Figure 8.4 shows the cost tradeoffs for the present case. At high conversions, the raw materials costs due to byproduct formation are dominant. This is so because the reaction to the undesired... 

The whole problem is best dealt with by not making the waste in the first place, i.e., waste minimization. If waste can be minimized at the source, this brings the dual benefit of reducing waste treatment costs and reducing raw materials costs. 

Figure 10.7 shows the basic tradeoff to be considered as additional feed and product materials are recovered from waste streams and recycled. As the fractional recovery increases, the cost of the separation and recycle increases. On the dther hand, the cost of the lost materials decreases. It should be noted that the raw materials cost is a net cost, which means that the cost of lost materials should be adjusted to either... 

Figure 10.7 shows that the tradeoff between separation and net raw materials cost gives an economically optimal recovery. It is possible that significant changes in the degree of recovery can have a significant effect on costs other than those shown in Fig. 10.7 (e.g., reactor costs). If this is the case, then these also must be included in the tradeoffs. 

Figure 10.7 Effluent treatment costs should be included with raw materials costs when traded off against separation costs to obtain the optimal recovery. (From Smith and Petela, Chem. Eng., 513 24, 1991 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)...

In most processes, the largest individual cost is raw materials. Raw materials costs and product prices tend to have the largest influence on the economic performance of the process. The value of raw materials and products depends on whether the materials in question are being bought and sold under a contractual arrangement (either within or outside the company) or on the open market (the spot price). Open-market prices can fluctuate considerably with time. Products are normally sold at below open-market price when under a contractual arrangement. 

Group). This published information can be used to assess at what price a new product will sell or to assess the minimum allowable selling price for given raw materials costs. 

Manufacture Various methods for the manufacture of acrylates are summarized in Figure 1, showing thek dependence on specific raw materials. For a route to be commercially attractive, the raw material costs and utilization must be low, plant investment and operating costs not excessive, and waste disposal charges minimal. 

After development of a new process scheme at laboratory scale, constmction and operation of pilot-plant faciUties to confirm scale-up information often require two or three years. An additional two to three years is commonly required for final design, fabrication of special equipment, and constmction of the plant. Thus, projections of raw material costs and availabiUty five to ten years into the future become important in adopting any new process significantly different from the current technology. 

Important side reactions are the formation of ether and addition of alcohol to the acrylate to give 3-alkoxypropionates. In addition to high raw material costs, this route is unattractive because of large amounts of sulfuric acid—ammonium sulfate wastes. 

Dehydrogenation of Propionates. Oxidative dehydrogenation of propionates to acrylates employing vapor-phase reactions at high temperatures (400—700°C) and short contact times is possible. Although selective catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric acid to methacrylic acid have been developed in recent years (see Methacrylic ACID AND DERIVATIVES) and a route to methacrylic acid from propylene to isobutyric acid is under pilot-plant development in Europe, this route to acrylates is not presentiy of commercial interest because of the combination of low selectivity, high raw material costs, and purification difficulties. 

The propylene-based process developed by Sohio was able to displace all other commercial production technologies because of its substantial advantage in overall production costs, primarily due to lower raw material costs. Raw material costs less by-product credits account for about 60% of the total acrylonitrile production cost for a world-scale plant. The process has remained economically advantaged over other process technologies since the first commercial plant in 1960 because of the higher acrylonitrile yields resulting from the introduction of improved commercial catalysts. Reported per-pass conversions of propylene to acrylonitrile have increased from about 65% to over 80% (28,68—70). 

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