Controller comparison

Cheskin LJ, Fudala PJ, Johnson RE A controlled comparison of buprenorphine and clonidine for acute detoxification from opioids. Drug Alcohol Depend 36 115-121, 1994... 

Griffiths CE, Kang S, Ellis CN, Kim KJ, Finkel LJ, Ortiz-Ferrer LC, White GM, Hamilton TA,Voorhees JJ (1995) IVvo concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams. Arch Dermatol 131 1037-1044... 

Marshall, J., Graham, S., Swanson, M., Caffeine consumption and benign breast disease A case-control comparison, Am J Public Health, 72, 610, 1982. 

Later, in a more carefully controlled comparison, Pollington et al. [57] showed that the esterification of acetic acid with 1-propanol also occurred at the same rate under MW and conventional reflux. 

Concurrent Control. Comparisons between treatments should be made to the maximum extent possible between experimental units from the same closely defined population. Therefore, animals used as a control group should come from the same source, lot, age, and so on as test group animals. Except for the treatment being evaluated, test and control animals should be maintained and handled in exactly the same manner. 

Standard Lead Solution On the day of use, dilute 10.0 ml of lead nitrate stock solution with DW to 100.0 ml. Each ml of standard lead solution contains the equivalent of 10 microgrammes of lead. A control comparison solution prepared with 2.0 ml of standard lead solution contains, when compared to a solution representing 1.0 g of the substance being tested, the equivalent of 20 parts per million of lead. 

Fabre LF. (1990). Buspirone in the management of major depression a placebo-controlled comparison. J Clin Psychiatry. 51(suppl) 55-61. 

Rickels K, Downing R, Schweizer E, Hassman H. (1993). Antidepressants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. A placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine, trazodone, and diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50(11) 884-95. 

Given the various possibilities regarding switching there may well be a strong argument in any active control comparison to always go for non-inferiority. If the data then turn out to be stronger and support superiority then this additional conclusion can be made. There are some drawbacks, however, with this way of thinking ... 

Brodie MJ and Whitehead J (2006) Active control comparisons the ideal trial design Epilepsy Research, 68, 70-73... 

Table 10.1 summarizes the results of available pediatric neuroimaging studies in depressed patients. Given the limited amount of available data, published papers and professional presentations are reviewed. Two of the eight studies included seven or fewer depressed subjects, and two had no normal control comparisons. Results from the three largest-scale studies suggest that there are some neuroanatomical correlates of depression that may be evident across the life cycle (e.g., frontal lobe and amygdala volume changes), and others... 

Agras, W., Rossiter, E.M., Arnow, and Schneider, J.A. (1992) Pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa a controlled comparison. Am J Psychiatry 149 82-87. Agras, W., Walsh, B.T., Fairburn, C., Wilson, G.T., Kraemer, H. (1999) A multicenter comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy an interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. 

Extensive databases [see Table 24-1) have now shown that paroxetine and sertraline can reduce panic attacks to zero and prevent relapse. Paroxetine studies constitute the largest data set more than 700 patients have been treated for periods ranging from 10 to 36 weeks. In the placebo-controlled comparisons with clomipramine, paroxetine had an earlier onset of action and was better tolerated than clomipramine. Paroxetine was significantly better than placebo from week 4 onward, whereas no separation was seen between clomipramine and placebo until the end of the study. Fewer withdrawals occurred as a result of adverse events with paroxetine (7.3%) than with either clomipramine (14.9%) or placebo (11.4%). The minimum dose shown to be superior to placebo was 40 mg/day. 

Ansseau M, Olie JP, Von Frencheil R, et al Controlled comparison of the efficacy and safety of 4 doses of suriclone, diazepam and placebo in generahsed anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology 104 439-443, 1991 Anton RF Urinary free cortisol in psychotic depression. Biol Psychiatry 2 24-34, 1987... 

Kahn NH, Shelton SJ Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 243 1718-1721, 1989 Kahnowsky LB, Kennedy F Observations in electric shock therapy apphed to problems of epilepsy. J Nerv Ment Dis 98 56-67, 1943 Kampen D, Sherwin B Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 83 979-983, 1994 Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, et al Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar 11 illness a prospective placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 1065-1069, 1982 Kaneno S, Komatsu H, Fukamauchi F, et al Biochemical basis of antidepressant-effect of low dose of sulpiride. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 45 131-132, 1991... 

Patel J, Keith RA, Salama AI, et al Role of calcium in regulation of phosphoinositide signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci 3 1-9, 1991 Patil VJ Development of transient obsessive-compulsive symptoms during treatment with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 149 272, 1992 Pato MT, Zohar-Kadouch R, Zohar J, et al Return of symptoms after discontinuation of CMl in patients with OCD. Am J Psychiatry 145 1521-1522, 1988 Pato PT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, et al Controlled comparison of buspirone and CMl in OCD. Am J Psychiatry 148 127-129, 1991 Patterson JF Treatment of acute mania with verapamil (letter). J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 7 206-207, 1987... 

Joffe RT, Singer W, Levitt AJ, et al A placebo-controlled comparison of lithium and triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in unipolar refractory depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 387-393, 1993... 

Suh GH, Yeon Jung H, Uk Lee C, et al A prospective, douhle-hlind, community-controlled comparison of three doses of galantamine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer s disease in a Korean population. Clin Ther 26 1608-1618, 2004... 

Box 7.1 A Controlled Comparison between Four Antipsychotic Drugs... 

Castells X, Casas M, Vildal X, Bosch R, Roncero C, Ramos-Quiroga JA Capella D (2007) Efficacy of central nervous system stimulant treatment for cocaine dependence a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Addiction, 102, 1871-87 Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Brodie B, Sande MA Moss AR (1989). Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 561-5 Chapleo CB Walter DS (1997). The bupre-norphine-naloxone combination product. Research and Clinical Forums, 19, 55-8 Cheskin LJ, Fudala PJ Johnson RE (1994). A controlled comparison of buprenorphine and clonidine for acute detoxification from opioids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 36, 115-21... 

McDowall A, Owen S, Robin AA. A controlled comparison of diazepam and amylobarbitone in anxiety states. Br J Psychiatry 1966 112 629-631. 

Georgotas A, McCue RE, Cooper TB. A placebo controlled comparison of nortriptyline and phenelzine in maintenance therapy of elderly depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 46 783-786. 

Quitkin FM, Kane J, Rifkin A, et al. Lithium and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II depression a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981 17 142-144. 

Fahy P, Imlah N, Harrington J. A controlled comparison of ECT, imipramine and thiopentone sleep in depression. J Neuropsychiatry 1963 4 310-314. 

Robin AA, Hanis JA. A controlled comparison of imipramine and electroplexy. J Merit Sci 1962 108 217-219. 

Pollack MH, Worthington JJ, Manfro GG, et al. Abecarnil for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder a placebo-controlled comparison of two dosage ranges of abecarnil and buspirone. J Clin Psychiatry 1997 58(suppl 11) 19-23. 

Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, et al. Pharmacotherapy of social phobia an interim report of a placebo-controlled comparison of phenelzine and atenolol. J Clin Psychiatry 1988 49 252-258. 

Schweizer E, Rickels K, Weiss S, et al. Maintenance drug treatment of panic disorder. I. Results of a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison of alprazolam and imipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993 50 51-60. 

Pigott TA, Pato MT, Bernstein SE, et al. Controlled comparisons of clomipramine and fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 47 926-932. 

Pato MT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, et al. Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991 148 127-129. 

Rothschild R, Quitkin HM, Quitkin FM, et al. A double blind placebo-controlled comparison of phenelzine and imipramine in the treatment of bulimia in atypical depressives. Int J Eat Disora 1994 9 1-9. 

Two recent reviews have assessed the efficacy of echinacea for this primary indication. A review by the Cochrane Collaboration involved 16 randomized trials with 22 comparisons. Trials were included if they involved monopreparations of echinacea for cold treatment or prevention. Prevention trials involving rhinovirus inoculation versus natural cold development were excluded. Overall, the review concluded that there was some evidence of efficacy for the aerial (above ground) parts of E purpurea plants in the early treatment of colds but that efficacy for prevention and for other species of echinacea was not clearly shown. Among the placebo-controlled comparisons for cold treatment, echinacea was superior in nine trials, showed a positive trend in one trial, and was insignificant in six trials. 

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