Lead standard

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the exposure to chemicals ia the workplace. From the poiat of view of the inorganic pigments iadustry, the limits estabUshed for lead and cadmium exposure are particularly important. A comprehensive lead standard adopted by OSHA ia 1978 has been successful ia reduciag the potential for lead contamination ia the workplace. 

For safe operation of power and control equipment and devices operating in such systems it is essential to limit the amplitude of the voltage distortions to a safe value by installing filter circuits based on the system s actual operating conditions. These limits are recommended by leading standards organizations are ... 

For asbestos removal, the provisions of the OSHA Asbestos Standard 29 CFR 1926.1101 are more protective of worker health and safety than are the more general provisions. The HASP therefore provides that the asbestos removal tasks conducted inside the building will be performed in accordance with the OSHA Asbestos Standard. After the asbestos has been removed, the lead-based paint will be removed. Again, the provisions of the OSHA Standard for lead removal are more protective of worker health and safety than are the more general provisions of 29 CFR 1910.120. Therefore, the removal of the lead-based paint inside the building will be performed in full compliance with the OSHA Lead Standard [1]. 

In addition to the hazardous waste standards, there may be a variety of other standards that may apply to any worksite. One standard that seems to surprise PMs is the lead standard. Even projeets that are elean eonstruetion (not HAZWOPER or working with ehemieals) may eome under the lead standard. If new proeess equipment is being installed in an existing plant, any tie-ins, pipe raek, struetural members, and even walls may have been eovered with many layers of lead-based paint. 

The General Industry Lead Standard imposes medieal program requirements when an employee has the potential to be exposed above an aetion level for more than 30 days. OSHAs three sets of tasks differ mainly in the level of respiratory proteetion required for workers oeeu-pationally exposed to lead [5]. 

Example 3-5 Polarogram A was obtained for a lOmL lead-containing sample. The limiting current increased (to B) after adding 100 pL of a 0.10 m lead standard to the 10 ml sample. Calculate the original lead concentration in the sample. 

Solution The sample lead ion yielded a limiting current of 13 pA (A). The current increases by 8.5 pA upon spiking the sample with 1 mM lead standard (considering the 1 100 dilution B — A). 

According to BP 2003 [4], European Pharmacopoeia [2], a 0.5 g of test substance complies with limit test C (50 ppm). The standard is prepared using 2.5 mL of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb). 

OSHA lead standard, 14 764. See also Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)... 

For example. Figure 8 shows both RSD and RCB data for determination of chloride and lead in water. In Figure 8a, the least-squares curve of best fit closely fits the lead standard data, and the calibration process has little adverse effect on precision. RSD s and RGB s are almost equal. On the other hand, chloride standard data in Figure 8b does not closely fit the mathematical model, and the RSD data overstates the precision of the analysis by a factor of about two. 

Adjust the volume of lead standard solution to be the same as that for preparation of the control solution. Prepare at least seven or eight levels of lower-concentration test solutions from the specification limit value of 0.1 to 0.2 ppm (single replicate). 

SRM 979), Ni (nickel metal isotopic standard NIST SRM 986), Rb (rubidium chloride isotopic standard NIST SRM 984) and Sr (strontium carbonate isotopic standard NIST SRM 987). In addition, isotope reference materials are available for heavy elements such as T1 (thallium metal isotopic standard NIST SRM 997), Pb (NIST lead standard reference materials SRM 981-983) or U (uranium oxide NIST isotope standard U 005, U020, U350, U500 or U930) and others. The most important isotope standard reference materials applied in inorganic mass spectrometry are summarized in the table in Appendix V.17... 

TIMS analysis was performed on a fully automated VG Sector 54 mass spectrometer with eight adjustable faraday cups and a Daly ion-counting photomultiplier system. Analysis was performed in static mode. Each sample was analyzed 50 times to ensure acceptable precision. The TIMS analysis was standardized by use of the NIST SRM981 common lead standard. Multiple analyses of the SRM981 standard were used to determine a fractionation correction of 0.12% per amu and an overall error 0.06% per amu. Errors between runs of the same sample were below 0.01% per amu. This level of precision is comparable to the archaeometry database for lead isotopes (8). 

Shih and Lin (2003) investigated the solidification/stabilization of arsenic-rich flyash from an abandoned copper smelter in northern Taiwan. The flyashes (2-40 % total arsenic, mostly as As(III)) were collected from three flue gas discharge tunnels. Extremely high cement dosages (cement/waste mass ratio of greater than 6) were required to stabilize the wastes so that they would pass the US TCLP for arsenic (<5 mg L 1 Appendix E). (The TCLP is often used in research outside of the United States.) Cement dosages could be reduced and the mixtures would still pass the TCLP for both arsenic and lead if municipal waste incinerator flyash was added. Lime alone was able to stabilize arsenic and pass the TCLP however, the leachates exceeded the TCLP lead standard of 5mgL 1. The immobilization of arsenic in lime may be due to the formation of sparsely water-soluble calcium arsenites and arsenates, such as CaHAsC>3 //1LO or Ca3(AsC>4)2 H20, where n > 0 (Shih and Lin, 2003, 692). 

Heavy metals This test should be carried out as directed in the general procedure (2.4.8). One gram of omeprazole sodium complies with limit test C for heavy metals (20 ppm). Prepare the standard using 2 ml of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R. 

Source 1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Lead Standard (29CFR1910.1025 and 29CFR1926.62.) K.L. Hipkins, B.L. Matema, MJ. Kosnett, J.W. Rogge, and J.E. Cone, Medical surveillance of the lead exposed worker, AAOHN Journal, 46(7) 330-339, 1998 2. D. Rempel, The lead-exposed worker, JAMA 262(4) 532-534, 1989 3. U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, Lead in Construction, OSHA 3142, 1993. 

Dissolve 0.5 g of the substance to be tested in dilute acetic acid R, dilute to 30 mL with the same solvent, and then add 2 mL of water R. The filtrate complies with limit test E for heavy metals (not more than 20 ppm). The comparison stand is prepared using 5 mL of lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R. 

Standard Solutions Prepare a series of lead standard solutions serially diluted from the Standard Lead Solution. Pipet 2, 5, 10, and 20 mL, respectively, of Standard Lead Solution into separate 100-mL volumetric flasks, add 1 mL of nitric acid, dilute to volume, and mix. The Standard Solutions contain, respectively, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 pig of lead per milliliter. 

Lead Standard (29 CFR 1910.1025). Since colorant and additive production involves the use of lead compounds, the lead standard (29 CFR 1910.1025) becomes important. This standard applies to all occupational exposures to lead and lead compounds and requires respiratory protection when workplace exposure levels for lead reaches or exceeds 5 pg/m ... 

Electrothermal techniques are very sensitive, as already noted. For example, a 10 ppm lead standard produces an absorption signal of about... 

PVC PIPES BREACH NEW LEAD STANDARD FOR DRINKING WATER... 

FIGURE 2.1. Tilden and Company was an important manufacturer of botanical medicines prior to and during the Civil War, and as such was a leading standard-bearer of quality tinctures and extracts. It was one of the very few important pharmaceutical firms not located in Philadelphia. Illustration from the 1861 Tilden catalog, courtesy of the Reynolds Historical Library, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham. 

While the acceptable blood lead level set by the US Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) remained 50 //g/dL in 2007, that for children had been progressively lowered by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to 10 /(g/ dL by 1991. The disparity between acceptable blood lead levels in adults and children can be explained in part by the paucity of studies of lead toxicity in adults, and the increased sensitivity of the developing brain in children to toxins. The efforts of the lead industry to thwart public health regulation in the workplace contributed to the disparity in standards for children and adults. OSHA is reluctant to revise the occupational lead standard because of the risk of litigation. The mounting evidence of the impact of lower and lower lead levels on blood pressure and the kidneys in industry and the general public is reviewed in this chapter. 

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