Defense behavior

Head Kairomone components from head of robber bee Lestrimelitta limao that induce defensive behavior Citral 85 86, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one 106 [156]... 

Experimental data suggest that VN stimuli might also play a relevant role in prey-predator interactions by mediating affective responses to prey or predator chemical cues. For instance, one of the preferred prey for the snake Thamnophis sirtalis is earthworms. Halpern (1988) demonstrated that earthworm wash constitutes a VN stimulus that is rewarding for these snakes. On the other hand, it has been shown that rats display defensive reactions to a collar that has been worn by a cat, even if they have no previous experience with cats. For these defensive behavioral responses to occur, direct contact with the collar is needed (Dielenberg and McGregor 2001). 

Dielenberg, R.A. and McGregor, I.S. (2001) Defensive behavior in rats towards predatory odors a review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 597-609. 

Little is known about the physiology of enthusiasm, but the shudder of being touched (der Schauer der Ergriffenheit, p. 28), which results from the contraction of the erector muscles of our body hair, in particular on our back shoulders and the outer side of our arms, indicates that archaic responses of group defensive behavior are activated. 

In contrast to the relatively limited number of organosulfur compounds in these species, the anal sac secretions of skunks contain large numbers of malodorous compounds, which are very effectively utilized in the defensive behavior of these species. During the early years of capillary gas chromatography, Andersen et al. [108] found that 150 of the 160 components detected in the anal gland secretion of the striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis, contained sulfur. The results of recent chemical studies on North American skunks by Wood et al. [109] are summarized in Table 4. Only three of the compounds reported in this table are common to the secretions of all four skunk species and, in two of these three secretions, the common compound is present in concentrations of about 1% or less. Although it is clear that skunks use their anal gland secretions primarily for defensive purposes, it does not rule out the possibility that the difference in the composition of these secretions could also be utilized for... 

Eichenbaum H, Cohen NJ (2001) From conditioning to conscious recollection. Memory systems of the brain. Oxford University Press, New York Eisenberg M, Kobilo T, Berman DE, Dudai Y (2003) Stability of retrieved memory inverse correlation with trace dominance. Science 301 1102-1104 Fanselow MS (1994) Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychon Bull Rev 1 429-438... 

The ideal animal model for any human chnical condition must fulfill three criteria (McKinney and Bunney 1969) (1) pharmacological treatments known to be effective in patients should induce comparable effects in the animal model (predictive validity) (2) the responses or symptoms observed in patients should be the same in the animal model (face validity) (3) the imderlying rationale should be the same in both humans and animal models (construct validity). In other words, the ideal animal model for anxiety has to respond to treatment with anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines with reduced anxiety it has to display defense behavior when confronted with a threatening stimulus the mechanisms underlying anxiety as well as the psychological causes must be identical. 

Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2001a) Mouse defensive behavior pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 205-218 Blanchard DC, Hynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ (2001b) Human defense behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 761-770 Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2003) The mouse defense test battery pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Eur J Pharmacol 463 97-116 Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1989) Anti-predator defense behaviors in a visible burrow system. J Comp Psychol 103 70-82... 

Blanchard C, ffynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ (2001) Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 761-770 Bonham AC (1995) Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing. Respir Physiol 101 219-230... 

Kahn NH, Shelton SJ Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 243 1718-1721, 1989 Kahnowsky LB, Kennedy F Observations in electric shock therapy apphed to problems of epilepsy. J Nerv Ment Dis 98 56-67, 1943 Kampen D, Sherwin B Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 83 979-983, 1994 Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, et al Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar 11 illness a prospective placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 1065-1069, 1982 Kaneno S, Komatsu H, Fukamauchi F, et al Biochemical basis of antidepressant-effect of low dose of sulpiride. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 45 131-132, 1991... 

Certain mouse strains (e.g., 129Sl/SvImJ or BALB/cJ) may not be useful in this test due to their hypoactivity and/or high anxiety phenotypes. If the mouse tested is very inactive and anxious, it may not even leave the home chamber, and this test will not work. In this case, use a milder stressor, such as an anesthetized rat, a toy rat, or rat odor. However, it may also be recommended to use a different mouse strain. Although this test is very useful for comparing defensive behaviors between mouse strains,... 

Jensen, K.R., Defensive behavior and toxicity of ascoglossan opisthobranch Mourgan agermaineae Marcus, J. Chem. Ecol., 10, 475, 1984. 

Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S (1988) Pharmacological evidence for a role of D2 dopamine receptors in the defensive behavior of the mouse. Behav Neural Biol 50 98-111. 

Blackburn JR, Pfaus JG, Phillips AG (1992) Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviors. Prog Neurobiol 59 247-279. 

Carrive, P. (1993). The periaqueductal gray and defensive behavior functional representation and neuronal organization. Behav. Brain Res. 58, 27-47. 

Stoddard-Apter SL, Bergdall VK, Townsend DW, Levin BE. 1986. Plasma catecholamines associated with hypothalami-cally-elicited defense behavior. Physiol Behav 36 867-873. 

Frances et al. (Frances, et al., 1996b) used the same protocol to rear LNA-deficient and LNA-sufficient pups. Animals on the n-3-deficient diet showed significantly slower learning. Mice raised on a sufficient diet were quicker to escape the Rotarod. Paw coordination, muscular function, defensive behavior, and anxiety was not different between the groups. 

Robison, C.L., J.L. Meyerhoff, G.A. Saviolakis, et al. 2004. A CRHl antagonist into the amygdala of mice prevents defeat-induced defensive behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1032 324-7. 

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