Control incineration

Any waste material (and contaminated cloths, tissues, clothing etc.) must be rendered safe by chemical means or by controlled incineration of dilute solution where practical prior to disposal. 

Where large quantities have to be disposed of, landfill or controlled incineration may be carried out with the approval of the local authority. 

Environmental concern with reference to PVC and the fact that burning (possibly as a distinction from controlled incineration) may generate obnoxious acid fumes has created pressure on the pharmaceutical industry to move away from PVC. The alternative materials which have been considered include PET (polyester) and PP (polypropylene). Both require higher softening temperatures than PVC and good heat control, which can be more readily achieved with modem equipment with an effective preheat system. However, this only applies to certain selected and special material grades. Although these materials can be coated with PVdC to improve the moisture barrier, there are pressures to ban PVdC as it also contains a chloride component. Suffice it to say that the replacement of PVdC and its associated barrier/heat seal features may not be easy to achieve. Current opinion is that PVC will not be replaced. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS dispose of by controlled incineration remove nitrogen oxides from the effluent gas by scrubbers or thermal devices activated carbon treatment is recommended outside storage is preferred inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS cover contaminated material with a sorbent material such as peat, sawdust, straw, etc. place all contaminated sorbent and soil in impervious containers subject to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration materials may also be buried in a chemical waste landfill store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location separate from strong oxidizers, alkalies, acids and nitrates. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration may be stored in liquefied form under its vapor pressure at normal atmospheric temperatures both above and below ground refrigerated liquid storage at atmospheric pressure may be used systems are closed and insulated, and the liquid petroleum gas vapor serves as the refrigerant for the system as it is circulated through pumps and compressors may also be stored in pits in the earth capped by metal domes, and in underground chambers. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration discharge concentrated liquid waste containing no peroxides at a controlled rate near a pilot flame for concentrated liquid waste containing peroxides, cautiously ignite in open areas store in a cool, dry location outside storage is preferred separate from acids alkalies, salts, clay-based absorbents, and combustible materials. 

MANDELKER It is, but it s been definitely sliced out of the Clean Air Act. This Act is not being applied to residential development. Some cities control incineration in large apartments and such. The Clean Air Act has a cut-off point and only applies to major sources of pollution. If anything, because of administrative limitations, there is a tendency to cut back even further on the span of the program. So not only is it not a no-pollutlon statute, it s not even a total control statute because there s lot left out. 

For fast reactions, bulk phase film diffusion may control. Incineration diam. 

PVC has been under attack from environmental groups on a variety of grounds for a number of years. Because PVC contains chlorine, it may lead to the formation of chlorinated dioxins if it is disposed by incineration. While evidence suggests that the presence or absence of PVC is not very significant in dioxin emissions from well-controlled incineration, less important than combustion conditions, there is reason for concern about its presence in poorly controlled incineration systems. PVC has also been attacked because of concerns related to the carcinogenicity of its vinyl chloride monomer. Increasingly, lead and cadmium stabilizers used in some PVC resins are being restricted or banned, due to concerns about toxic effects of these heavy metals. 

There have been ongoing discussions about emissions from the incineration of plastics that have been flame-retarded. On this issue the WHO s International Program for Chemical Safety has stated of PBDEs that properly controlled incineration, i.e., according to current European regulations, does not lead to the emission of significant quantities of dioxins or furans. 

The cost of incineration must rise in the future to reflect the investment that operators are having to make to scrub the flue gases and monitor the incineration processes more carefully. The NIMBY lobby is also extremely active in preventing the construction of new incinerators. Well maintained and closely controlled incinerators can dispose of waste effectively by reducing its volume by 90% and its weight by 70% while at the same time recovering the calorific value of the waste stream. 

Very finely divided amorphous silica containing a small amount of carbon can be produced by controlled incineration of rice hulls. It is reported to be a reinforcing filler for rubber competitive with thermal carbon blacks (494). 

IPCS recommendations for decabromodipentyl ether and octabromodiphenyl-ether include hygiene measures, control of effluent and emissions, over 97% purity and controlled incineration. The IPCS expressed concern over the persistence of pentabromodiphenyl and polybrominated biphenyls and recommended that commercial use should cease until safety could be demonstrated. 

Black Silica. A carbonaceous silica ash produced by the controlled incineration of rice husks (q.v.)... 

The International Program for Chemical Safety (IPCS) of the World Health Organization has made several recormnendations. Polybrominated diphenyls production (France) and use should be limited because of the concern over high persistency, bioaccumulation and potential adverse effects at low levels. There is limited toxicity data on deca- and octabromodiphenyls. Commercial use should cease unless safety is demonstrated. For the polybrominated diphenyl oxides, a Task Group felt that polybrominated dibenzofurans, and to a lesser extent the dioxins, may be formed. For decabromodiphenyl oxide, appropriate industrial hygiene measures need to be taken and environmental exposure minimized by emission control. Controlled incineration procedures should be instituted. For octabromodiphenyl oxide, the hexa- and lower isomers should be minimized. There is considerable concern over persistence in the environment and the accumulation in organisms, especially, for pentabromodiphenyl oxide. 

Heat and mass transfer Filtration Distillation Mixing Separation Fluidization Sedimentation Reaction Polymerization Drying Forming Ventilation Emission control Incineration Combustion Materials processing... 

Physical methods of treatment of effluents, liquid or gaseous, such as adsorption, flocculation and sedimentation will concentrate halocarbons on the separated solid phase. The only reliable method of destruction is controlled incineration, at high temperature. 

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