Content proximate composition

Most nuts for commercial use are characteri2ed by high oil and protein contents (see Proteins) as well as a low percentage of carbohydrates (qv). However, some varieties, mostly inedible tree nuts such as acorn, horse chestnut, and chufa, contain at least as much sugar and/or starch as protein. The edible water chestnut is also in this category, as is the cashew nut, which contains starch in addition to a rich store of oil. The proximate composition of a number of nuts and of some nut products are given in Table 2 (3). 

In order to define this variety of food matrices, chemical composition differences that primarily influence chemical analytical measurements have to be considered. Major food components determining basic chemical make-up are the proximate composition of fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture. Variations in ash content in general have a minor influence on analytical methods for other constituents and impact of moisture content can be controlled. Thus the major components influencing analytical performance are the relative levels of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. 

Admassu et al. (2009) measured the proximate composition of six varieties of finger millet. The values ranged from 6.26 to 10.5 g/100 g for protein content and from 50 to more than 300 mg/100 g for calcium content. Iron varied from about 4.5 mg/100 g to more than 50 mg/100 g and phosphorus varied from less than 4 to about 147 mg/100 g. 

Ravindran, G. (1991). Studies on millets Proximate composition, mineral composition and phytate and oxalate contents. Food Chem. 39, 99-107. 

Leung, W.W., Butrum, R.R., and Chang, F.H., Food Composition Table for Use in East Asia. I. Proximate Composition Mineral and Vitamin Contents of East Asian Foods, FAO, Rome, 1972. 

Thermo-chemical gasification is the conversion by partial oxidation at elevated temperatures of a carbonaceous feedstock into a low or medium energy content gas (Saxena et al., 2007). Gasification of coal is now well established, and biomass gasification has benefited from the activity in this sector and is developing rapidly. However, the two technologies are not directly comparable due to differences between the feedstocks (e.g. char reactivity, proximate composition, ash composition, moisture content, density). 

Sesame seed contains high levels of fat and protein. The chemical composition of sesame seed varies with the variety, origin, color, and size of the seed. The fat content of sesame seed is around 50% whereas the protein content is around 25%. Table 2 lists the proximate composition of sesame seeds from different sources. Sesame seed contains about 5% of ash, whereas the fiber and carbohydrate contents show large variation. Crude fiber from one variety of Nigerian black sesame was reported to have 19.6% of crude fiber (15), whereas one variety of Taiwanese... 

Typical proximate composition of commercial wheat germ is shown in Table 2 (2). Wheat germ has great potential as a highly nutritious food supplement. Wheat germ provides three times as much protein, seven times as much fat, 15 times as much sugars, and six times as much mineral content as wheat flour (13). The... 

Figures 4 and 5 show that the proximate composition and the calorific value of the waste wood charcoal are equal to the values obtained on beech blocks in a laboratory test. The quality of waste wood charcoal does not seem to be influenced by their heavy metals content.

Fig. 4 Proximate composition (volatile and fixed carbon contents) of waste wood and...

Wolf ( ) has pointed out that the soybean could be classified as a protein seed rather than an oilseed. Average proximate composition of presently grown varieties Is 40% protein and 20% oil depending upon variety and strain, protein content ranges between 34-49% and oil content ranges from 14-25% ( 2). Protein content In soybeans Is higher than In many meat products and about twice that of other food legumes on an as-ls basis. 

The food protein must be analyzed for its proximate composition, its nitrogen content. 

The proximate composition of canola/rapeseed varies among varieties as a result of both genetic makeup and growing conditions. As summarized in Table 4.3 [4], the oil content of canola is about twice that of soyabeans and contains much more fibre than soyabeans. The protein content of oil-free canola meal is only slightly lower than that of soyabeans. Canola is processed primarily for its oil, which makes up some 40% of the seed mass. It has an ideal fatty acid composition for human consumption, with a linoleic-to-linolenic acid ratio of approximately 2. After oil removal, the meal contains more than 40% protein with well-balanced amino acid composition. The essential amino acid composition, given in Table 4.4, indicates that canola protein is superior... 

Table 1. Proximate composition of carcass and viscera fractions ofintra Uterine Growth Retarded (lUGR) and Normal size lambs at 14 d of age fed a milk replacer of either Law (LF, 20% DM) or High fat (HF, 40% DM) content...

The proximate composition of the dialyzed EPS of Lactobacillus sp. CFR-2180 was determined. It had a moisture content of 2% with negligible amount of protein (0.7%), as an impurity, which was also confirmed with the presence of a peak at 289 nm in UV spectrum (data not shown). The total carbohydrate and uronic acid contents of the sample were found to be 65 and 10%, respectively and the remaining might be the minerals or other impurities. Similarly, presence of glucuronic acid in the EPS produced b by Lact. acidophilus LMG 9433 was reported (Robjin et al, 1996). The sugar composition of the dialyzed EPS was found to... 

Chemical Composition. Chemical compositional data iaclude proximate and ultimate analyses, measures of aromaticity and reactivity, elemental composition of ash, and trace metal compositions of fuel and ash. All of these characteristics impact the combustion processes associated with wastes as fuels. Table 4 presents an analysis of a variety of wood-waste fuels these energy sources have modest energy contents. 

The composition of coal is conveyed by representing its proximate and ultimate analysis. The former implies determination of contents of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash, while the latter implies total carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and ash. Here, an account will be provided of the constituents of coal, moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, and some miscellaneous components. 

A number of investigators have reported proximate analyses and elemental composition of textile mill dusts and trash. Only two of these involve studies of dusts collected with an elutri-ator sampler (20,31). Samples from both of these studies were collected in a model card room at North Carolina State University (42). In one of these, glass fiber filters were used and the dusts were analyzed for average ash contents (see Table IV). The total ash content was about 20%. The average ash content of area samples also collected on glass filters was found to be slightly lower. 

Trace elements, In order of decreasing abundance are Ni, Co, Se, Pb, Sb, Ag and Bi. The only statistically significant difference in composition between pyrrhotite from proximal and distal samples is the lower Co contents of the latter. 

When mixed solvents are employed as the mobile phase, it has been shown (10) that one solvent can be absorbed preferentially on, or associated with, the surface of the stationary phase. Consequently, some of the solvent contents of the pore, in close proximity with the stationary phase, will not necessarily have the same composition as that of the original mobile phase. 

Friedman (21) studied the effect of pH on the amino acid composition of wheat gluten. At pH 10.6 and above (65 C, 3 hours) no cystine was present. LAL increased with pH above 10.6. Lysine decreased over the same range of pH s, while serine and threonine contents dropped sharply at pH 13.9. Friedman concluded that cystine is most sensitive to alkali and that LAL will form most readily if lysine residues are in proximity to the dehydroalanine formed from cystine. Thus, he explained that different steric considerations may explain the different susceptibilities of wheat gluten, casein, and lactalbumin to LAL formation. 

Diets are isocaloric. The composition of the test and control (reference protein) diet (calculated on a dry weight basis) is 10% protein (1.6% nitrogen), 1 % AIN vitamin mix 76,3.5% AIN mineral mixture 76 (Nutritional Biochemicals), 0.2% choline bitartrate, 5% cellulose (only if test food is <5% total dietary fiber), corn oil to 10% total fat, and corn starch to total 100%. To account for differences in the protein content of the test diet, the level of corn starch can be adjusted (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, 1991). The chemical composition (proximate analysis) of the test protein must be measured before test diets are formulated. The proximate analysis of the test and control diets are to be measured after the diets are formulated, but before they are fed, to ensure that the protein content is the same for all diets, and that the diets are isocaloric. 

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