Sediments, contaminated, remediation

Zarull MA, Hartig JH, Maynard L (1999) Ecological benefits of contaminated sediment remediation in the Great Lakes basin. Sediment Priority Action Committee, Great Lakes Water Quality Board, International Joint Commission... 

US Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Contaminated sediment remediation guidance for hazardous waste sites, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), 9355.0-85, EPA-540-R-05-012, Washington, DC, USA. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2005). Contaminated Sediment Remediation—Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. Report EPA-540-R-05-012. 

Mirex is no longer manufactured, formulated, or used in the United States. Therefore, there is currently no occupational exposure to this chemical associated with its production or application as a pesticide. Current occupational exposure is most likely to occur for workers employed at waste disposal sites or those engaged in remediation activities including removal of soils and sediments contaminated with mirex. There is a slight possibility of exposure for workers involved in dredging activities (e.g., sediment remediation work performed by the Corps of Engineers). 

Committee on Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Life and Earth Studies National Research Council, 2001. A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 

The studies with sediment cultures indicate natural degradation potential for aquatic sediments exposed to anthropogenic CP pollution. However, in situ remediation rates for CP-contaminated sediments may be difficult to enhance. Possibilities involve nutrient and electron donor/acceptor amendments. Ex situ remediation could involve sediment dredging and application of methods developed for soil decontamination, such as slurry reactors and composting. 

Cundy, A.B. and Hopkinson, L. (2005) Electrokinetic iron pan generation in unconsolidated sediments implications for contaminated land remediation and soil engineering. Applied Geochemistry, 20(5), 841-48. 

The remediation of contaminated sediments has been shown to decrease PCB concentrations in fish inhabiting contaminated rivers. For example, one study monitored PCB concentrations in fish before and after remediation of PCB contaminated sediment (Bremle and Larsson 1998). It was found that PCB concentrations in lake water decreased from 0.0086 to 0.0027 pg/L, while concentrations in fish were halved after remediation was completed. Although concentrations of PCBs in fish decreased after remediation, the relative composition of PCB congeners remained relatively the same as before remediation. Fish still concentrated higher chlorinated congeners relative to levels detected in lake water (Bremle and Larsson 1998). 

Timberlake DL, Garbaciak S Jr. 1995. Bench-scale testing of selected remediation alternatives for contaminated sediments. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 45 52-56. 

Chemical and toxicological testing showed that nonaerated windrow composting can rapidly reduce extractable explosives, extractable mutagenic activity, and leachable toxicity of explosives-contaminated sediments. It is at least as efficient as the best static pile or mechanically stirred composting methods, based on results of other studies conducted at the same site, and thus is an excellent candidate for remediation of explosives-contaminated soils and sediments. 

Biological Remediation of Contaminated Sediments with Special Emphasis on the Great Lakes... 

Handbook Remediation of Contaminated Sediments U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. 

A final chapter will focus on practical aspects with contaminated sediments. Available technologies will be described as well as future perspectives for the management of dredged materials. Here too, validity of remedial measures can only be assessed by integrated, multidisciplinary research. 

Remediation techniques on contaminated sediments generally are much more limited than for most other solid waste materials, except for mine wastes. The widely diverse contamination sources in larger catchment areas usually produces a mixture of pollutants, which is more difficult to treat than an industrial waste. For most sediments from maintenance dredging, there are more arguments in favor of disposal rather than treatmenf. Mechanical separation of less strongly contaminated fractions. 

Anonymous (1994) Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program -Remediation Guidance Document. EPA 905-R94— 003. 332 S. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago 1994. 

JoziASSE J and van der Gun J (2000) In-situ remediation of contaminated sediments Conceivable and feasible In Contaminated Soil 2000, Vol 1, pp. 516—522. Thomas Telford, London. 

N Guessan, A. L., J. S. Levitt, and M. C. Nyman. 2004. Remediation of benzo(a)pyrene in contaminated sediments using peroxy acid. Chemosphere 55( 0) 1413-20. 

Reports that reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may occur naturally in lake and river sediments has spurred efforts to develop remediation techniques for contaminated sediments. Widespread contamination of sediments has occurred because of the intensive uses of these chemicals as heat transfer fluids, hydraulic fluids, and flame retardants due to their excellent stability properties (Hutzinger et al., 1974). PCBs are a complex mixture of chlorinated biphenyls. Theoretically, there are 209 possible PCB congeners because of steric hindrance. 

Reddy KR, Ala PR. (2006). Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated dredged sediment. In Contaminated Sediments Evaluation and Remediation Techniques, ASTM Special Technical Publication 1482 (ed. M Fukue). West Conshohocken, PA ASTM, pp. 254-267. 

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