Contaminated land remediation

Cundy, A.B. and Hopkinson, L. (2005) Electrokinetic iron pan generation in unconsolidated sediments implications for contaminated land remediation and soil engineering. Applied Geochemistry, 20(5), 841-48. 

Rules on liabilities Part IIA provides what is, in international terms, probably the most detailed framework of rules for determining questions of liabilities for contaminated land remediation. International experience shows, at a simple level, that without a clear structure of rules on liabilities to pay for remediation, remediation generally does not happen—those who are not certain if they will become liable lose any incentive to pre-empt enforcement, any enforcement action becomes difficult or impossible, and public budgets are never sufficient to pay for the remediation. 

P. A. Wood and R. Swannell, Response to Spills Involving Ground Penetration and Contaminated Land Remediation, in Inter spill 2000 A New Millennium—A New Approach to Spill Response, ISBN 0-85293-3177, Institute of Petroleum, London, UK, 2000, pp. 164-196. 

With respect to the existence of subsurface pollution, geoenvironmental engineering pertains to the engineering aspects related to the remediation of the contaminated land. Remediation, also commonly referred to as reclamation, of contaminated land may be defined as the process of restoring land that has been polluted with contaminants by some activity. Although the words remediation and reclamation often are rrsed interchangeably in terms of errvironmental contamination, the two words arguably... 

Remediation of contaminated land, occupational hygiene aspects on the safe selection and use of... 

A further application of the manipulation of microbial activity in the rhizo-sphere is their potential to remediate contaminated land. Bioremediation involves the u.se of microorganisms that break down contaminants. Radwan et al. (255) found that the soil associated with the roots of plants grown in soil heavily contaminated with oil in Kuwait was free of oil residues, presumably as a result of the ability of the resident rhizosphere microflora to degrade hydrocarbons. The use of plants as a means to accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals (256,257) to degrade hydrocarbons and pesticides (255) is already widely implemented and has proven to be successful. In some cases, there is no doubt that it is the plant itself that is responsible for the removal of the contaminants. However, in most... 

Vic, E.A. and Bardos, P., Remediation of Contaminated Land. Technology Implementation in Europe, Federal Environmental Agency, Austria. CLARINET Report, available at www.clarinet.at, 2002. With permission. 

Chaney R. L., Angle J. S., Wang A. S., McIntosh M.S., Broadhurst L., and Reeves R. D., 2005, Phytoextraction of soil Cd, Ni and Zn using hyperaccumulator plants to alleviate risks of metal contaminated soils requiring remediation. International Workshop Current developments in remediation of contaminated lands p. 39, 27-29 October 2005. Pulawy, Poland. 

The determination of total amounts in soil is valid for finding whether there are toxic levels of certain metals (e.g. after repeated slurry applications), and comparisons can be made with published tables of maximum recommended levels. Some typical and maximum values are shown in Table 4.5 (ADAS, 1987 DOE/NWC, 1981). Dutch values differ from those developed in the UK in that the intention is to allow the return of contaminated land to any potential use, rather than tailoring the level of remediation to the intended use of the land. The most recent values include general targets and intervention values (httpy/www.athene.freeserve.co.uk/sanaterre/guidelines/dutch.htm). 

Cotter-Howells, J. Caporn, S. 1996. Remediation of contaminated land by formation of heavy metal phosphates. Applied Geochemistry, 11, 335-342. 

Ellis, B. (1994). Reclaiming contaminated land in situ/ex situ remediation of creosote- and petroleum hydrocarbons-contaminated sites. In Bioremediation Field Experience, ed. P. Flathman et al., pp. 107-43. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

U.S. EPA (1993a). Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for Contaminated Land and Groundwater. EPA/600/R-93/012a. 

Further specific studies have used diffusive samplers to investigate the impact of emissions from cars kept in an integral garage on benzene concentrations in the indoor air (Mann, Crump and Brown, 2001) and to assess the effectiveness of remedial measures used to reduce radon ingress into homes for controlling ingress of chlorinated butadienes present in contaminated land (Crump et al., 2004). 

Industrially contaminated soil. The investigation, remediation (where necessary) and re-use of derelict and industrially contaminated land is a major concern, particularly in developed countries where legislation exists or is being enacted to promote re-use of brownfield sites and discourage greenfield development. 

There is increasing interest in the use of sequential extraction as a component of a site investigation and in the development of a suitable remediation strategy for contaminated land (Pierzynski, 1998). 

Surveying and characterisation of land contamination Ground remediation technology for active and non-active contaminated land Development of consistent protocols to underpin site end point considerations for a wide variety of sites... 

In many cases, contaminated land can be treated in order to rehabilitate it for future use. The success of remediation techniques depends on the concentration, type and availability of the contaminants present, and on-site factors, such as soil texture, pH, availability of terminal electron acceptors (Section 4.6.5) and the age... 

The substantial changes include more emphasis on organic chemistry, soils, contaminants in continental water and remediation of contaminated land. T> do this effectively, the terrestrial environments chapter from the first edition has been split into two chapters dealing broadly with solids and water. We have reorganized the box structure of the book and have placed some of the original box material, augmented by new sections, to form a new chapter outlining some of the basic chemical principles that underpin most sections of the book. 

For certain substances, soil quality guidelines have been produced to aid the risk assessment. The regulations require each enforcing authority to keep a public register. The public register is intended to act as a full and permanent record, open for public inspection, of all regulatory action taken by the enforcing authority in respect of the remediation of contaminated land, and will include information about the condition of land. 

Jefferis, S. A. (1992). Remedial barriers and containment. In Contaminated Land Treatment Technologies, ed. Rees, J. F., Society of the Chemical Industry, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 58-82. 

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