Explosion extraction

Figure 15.14 Separation of explosives extracted from water by using SPE-SFE-GC at several SFE trapping temperatures, peak identification is as follows NG, nitroglycerin 2,6-DNT, 2,6-dinitrotoluene 2,4-DNT, 2,4-dinitrotoluene TNT, trinitrotoluene IS, 1,3-trichloroben-zene. Adapted Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 16, G. C. Slack et al., Coupled solid phase extraction supercritical fluid extraction-on-line gas chromatography of explosives from water , pp. 473-478,1993, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

Chemical and toxicological testing showed that nonaerated windrow composting can rapidly reduce extractable explosives, extractable mutagenic activity, and leachable toxicity of explosives-contaminated sediments. It is at least as efficient as the best static pile or mechanically stirred composting methods, based on results of other studies conducted at the same site, and thus is an excellent candidate for remediation of explosives-contaminated soils and sediments. 

Usefulness Propellant and explosive extraction applies physical and chemical methods to remove energetic materials from metal casings for reuse, conversion to basic chemicals, or burning for energy recovery. 

For plastic explosives, extraction of the debris with an organic solvent dissolves TNT, RDX, HMX, or PETN, which are then identifiable by TLC or a suitable instrumental method. Combinations of two or more high explosives and/or other ingredients such as oil, polyisobutylene, etc., suggest the original type of explosive. 

The ethereal extracts are then united, dried with a suitable drying agent and filtered. The filtrate is then cautiously distilled, the ether being first distilled and finally the organic compound if volatile if the compound is solid, the crude residue is purified by recrystallisation. Very great care must be taken on all occasions when ether is distilled because of the risk of fire or of an explosion full experimental details for this operation are given, both on p. 8o (Preparation of Ether) and on p. 164 (Pre-... 

CAUTION. Ethers that have been stored for long periods, particularly in partly-filled bottles, frequently contain small quantities of highly explosive peroxides. The presence of peroxides may be detected either by the per-chromic acid test of qualitative inorganic analysis (addition of an acidified solution of potassium dichromate) or by the liberation of iodine from acidified potassium iodide solution (compare Section 11,47,7). The peroxides are nonvolatile and may accumulate in the flask during the distillation of the ether the residue is explosive and may detonate, when distilled, with sufficient violence to shatter the apparatus and cause serious personal injury. If peroxides are found, they must first be removed by treatment with acidified ferrous sulphate solution (Section 11,47,7) or with sodium sulphite solution or with stannous chloride solution (Section VI, 12). The common extraction solvents diethyl ether and di-tso-propyl ether are particularly prone to the formation of peroxides. 

Pollution Prevention. Procedures haven been developed for recovery of composite ammonium perchlorate propellant from rocket motors, and the treatment of scrap and recovered propellant to reclaim ingredients. These include the use of high pressure water jets or compounds such as ammonia, which form fluids under pressure at elevated temperature, to remove the propellant from the motor, extraction of the ammonium perchlorate with solvents such as water or ammonia as a critical fluid, recrystalli2ation of the perchlorate and reuse in composite propellant or in slurry explosives or conversion to perchloric acid (166,167). 

For combustible dusts, the explosibility limits do not have the same meaning as with flammable gases and flammable vapors, owing to the interaction between dust layers and suspended dust. This protective measure can, for example, be used when dust deposits are avoided in operating areas or in the air stream of clean air lines after filter installations WTiere in normal operation the lower explosibility limit is not reached. However, dust deposits must be anticipated with time. When these dust deposits are whirled up in the air, an explosion hazard can arise. Such a hazard can be avoided by regular cleaning. The dust can be extracted directly at its point of origin by suitable ventilation measures. 

Oil Shale Oil shale is nonporous rock containing organic kero-gen. Raw shale oil is extracted from mined rock by pyrolysis in a surface retort, or in situ by steam injection after breaking up the rock with explosives. Pyrolysis cracks the kerogen, yielding raw shale oil... 

It is not advisable to store large quantities of picrates for long periods, particularly when they are dry due to their potential EXPLOSIVE nature. The free base should be recovered as soon as possible. The picrate is suspended in an excess of 2N aqueous NaOH and warmed a little. Because of the limited solubility of sodium picrate, excess hot water must be added. Alternatively, because of the greater solubility of lithium picrate, aqueous 10% lithium hydroxide solution can be used. The solution is cooled, the amine is extracted with a suitable solvent such as diethyl ether or toluene, washed with 5N NaOH until the alkaline solution remains colourless, then with water, and the extract is dried with anhydrous sodium carbonate. The solvent is distilled off and the amine is fractionally distilled (under reduced pressure if necessary) or recrystallised. 

These can be converted to their sodium salts by precipitation below 30° with aqueous 25% NaOH. The salt is then decomposed by addition of solid (powder ) carbon dioxide and extract with low-boiling petroleum ether. The solvent should be removed under reduced pressure below 20°. The manipulation should be adequately shielded at all times to guard against EXPLOSIONS for the safety of the operator. 

Lithium aluminium hydride [16853-85-3] M 37.9, m 125 (dec). Extracted with EI2O, and, after filtering, the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was dried at 60 for 3h, under high vacuum [Ruff J Am Chem Soc 83 1788 1961], IGNITES in the presence of a small amount of water and reacts EXPLOSIVELY. 

Oil content Disposal Incineration Fire and explosion hazard Extraction with solvent... 

These include, for example, smoke extraction systems. In ventilation and air conditioning systems certain equipment can also require special safety measures (e.g., due to explosion risks). 

The materials of construction, from the cupboard to the fan, should be inorganic and resistant to attack by perchloric acid. For the cupboard itself suitable materials include stainless steel of types, 316 or 317, solid epoxy resin, and rigid PVC. Stainless steel has been popular for this application as it is easy to form, weld, and polish. It is, however, attacked by the acid, which causes discoloration of the metal surface and the formation of iron(III) perchlorate, which can be explosive. Ductwork, separate from other extract systems, is usually made from stainless steel or plastic materials. Fire regulations may preclude the use of plastic ductwork or require it to be sheathed in an outer casing of metal or GRP. The fan casing and impeller can both be made of plastic. 

Uses of Nitric Acid. The primary use of nitric acid is for the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers. A second major use of nitric acid is in the field of explosives. It is also a nitrating agent for aromatic and paraffinic compounds, which are useful intermediates in the dye and explosive industries. It is also used in steel refining and in uranium extraction. 

The alternative is hexane, which because of the explosion hazard requires a more expensive type of extractor construction. After the extraction the product is dull gray. The continuos sheet is slit to the final width according to customer requirements, searched by fully automatic detectors for any pinholes, wound into rolls of about 1 m diameter (corresponding to a length of 900-1000 m), and packed for shipping. Such a continuous production process is excellently suited for supervision by modern quality assurance systems, such as statistical process control (SPC). Figures 7-9 give a schematic picture of the production process for microporous polyethylene separators. 

Peltier Explosive. A Fr expl invented in 1884 contg K perchlorate 67.1, K nitrate 8.4, sulfur 8.4, fine sawdust 6.0, and extract of campeachy weed 10.1%... 

Analytical. The compn of Picratol can be detd by extracting a weighed sample with cold eth that has been satd with Explosive D. The residue is dried and weighed, and this and the loss in wt are calcd to % of Explosive D and TNT, respectively... 

In the context of diazoazoles, 5-diazotetrazole (2.22) should be mentioned. It was obtained by dropwise addition of isopentyl nitrite to a solution of 5-amino-lH-tetra-zole in a 4 1 mixture of tetrahydrofuran and aqueous hydrochloric acid. The diazo-nium chloride can be extracted into ether. The extremely explosive solid diazonium... 

Laboratories working frequently with flammables, such as in extraction processes, may set aside a separate room for such work for maximum safety. Ideally, this room should have explosion-proof electrical equipment and special ventilation. Rigid work rules should be enforced, such as requiring workers to leave matches and lighters on a shelf outside before entering. Installation of conductive flooring should be considered, and steel tools should be prohibited at times when work is in progress. 

An alternative mode for dehydrobenzoannulene decomposition was recently reported by Vollhardt et al. [58]. Non-planar hybrid 81, prepared in low yield via cyclodimerization of known triyne 82 [Eq.(3)], reacted explosively at ca. 250°C to give a nearly pure carbon residue. Solvent extraction of the black powder failed to yield soluble materials such as fullerenes however, analysis of the residue by TEM showed formation of bucky onions and bucky tubes [59], in addition... 

Extracting nitric acid using diethyl ether leads to explosive mixtures. 

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