Culture indicators

Colony-forming units The number of microorganisms that form colonies when cultured indicates the number of viable microorganisms in a sample. 

A link between risks (likelihood and consequences) and the tools establishing the culture indicators cannot be identified from literature, Sorensen (Sorensen, 2002), so neither are included here. 

Our data suggests that hematopoiesis can be sustained for prolong cultivation periods in the presence of feeder layer cells or condition media supported culture models. Prolonged support of primitive hematopoietic cells (undifferentiated cells such as promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes) and their clonogenic capacity and functional characteristics in feeder layer positive cultures, indicates that diffusible factors are sufficient and that direct cell-to-cell contacts may not be exclusively required for successful long term in K/fro hematopoiesis. 

Goodbody and co-workers (7/9) have examined the production of alkaloids in root and shoot cultures induced from seedlings of C. roseus. The pattern of alkaloids in the root cultures was similar to that of the roots from intact plants. Thus ajmalicine (39) and catharanthine (4) were produced, but no vindoline (3), a major leaf alkaloid, and no bisindole alkaloids. Similarly, the pattern of the alkaloid content of the shoot cultures was like that of the leaves of the intact plant, showing the presence of vindoline (3), catharanthine (4), and ajmalicine (39), with 3 predominating. A search for the bisindole alkaloids in the cultures indicated the presence of anhydrovinblastine (8) and leurosine (11) in the shoot cultures (2.6 and 0.3 xg/g fresh weight, respectively), but no vinblastine (1) or vincristine (2). 

Solutions of indicators are out for pH measuring, but fhey are useful for monitoring some processes, such as tissue cultures (indicator phenol red) or electrophoresis (electrophoresis front and pH of sample indicator bromophenol blue). 

The studies with sediment cultures indicate natural degradation potential for aquatic sediments exposed to anthropogenic CP pollution. However, in situ remediation rates for CP-contaminated sediments may be difficult to enhance. Possibilities involve nutrient and electron donor/acceptor amendments. Ex situ remediation could involve sediment dredging and application of methods developed for soil decontamination, such as slurry reactors and composting. 

None of the pure cultures that produced HFBT have been shown to further metabolize this compound. Bohonos et al. (46) found two further oxidation products, 3-hydroxybenzothiophene and 2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene-2,3-dione in aerobic mixed cultures co-metabolizing dibenzothiophene. Recently, Mormile and Atlas (61) inoculated portions of the filter-sterilized supernatant from a dibenzothiophene-degrading culture with soil and sediment samples and observed the loss of HFBT using a spectroscopic method. Under their aerobic growth conditions, they also observed the release of carbon dioxide from these cultures indicating that these products of dibenzothiophene degradation can be further oxidized. In addition, they observed carbon dioxide production from dibenzothiophene-sulfoxide. 

Taticek et al. tabulated several values of maximum specific 02 usage rates, which range from 0.2-0.6 mmol g, h 1 [6]. Our experiments with A. annua suspension cell cultures indicate a maximum specific usage rate of 0.2 mmol g, h1. The wide variation in usage rates is suspicious it may be an artifact of the variety of methods of estimation. 

Biosensors. Sensors are required to adequately monitor bioreactor performance. Ideally, one would like to have online sensors to minimize the number of samples to be taken from the bioreactor and to automate the bioreactor process. Most bioreactors have autoclavable pH and dissolved oxygen (D.O.) electrodes as online sensors, and use offline detectors to measure other critical parameters such as glucose and glutamine concentration, cell density, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (pC02). An online fiber-optic-based pC02 sensor is commercially available and appears to be robust.37 Probes are also commercially available that determine viable cell density by measuring the capacitance of a cell suspension. Data from perfusion and batch cultures indicate that these probes are reasonably accurate at cell concentrations greater than 0.5 X 106 cells/mL.38,39... 

Indicates tiiat the cell/tissue was cultured. Indicates that a cubic membrane can be identified in both normal and pathogenic instances of the same cell/tissue. 

Studies of bacterial and mammalian cells in culture indicate that gasoline is not mutagenic. 

The rate of maturation of pre - b - lactamase was determined by measuring the decrease in the amount of pre- 8 lactamase after one minute labeling interval. There was no significant difference between the control and lincomycin treated cultures, indicating that posttranslational translocation is not involved in the stimulation. 

With product yield at its near maximum, the BEVS community is currently focusing on the improvement of product quality by humanizing insect cell glycosylation patterns. The unique combination of transient expression implementation, high-yield protein production capacity and the prospect of human glycoprofiles in insect cultures indicates a bright future for BEVS technology in the production of biopharmaceuticals [4, 6, 7]. 

The source of the atoms which comprise the PQC cofactors was determined from isotopic labeling studies in which cell cultures were fed tyrosine that was labeled at specific positions with and NMR analysis of the PQQ isolated from those cultures indicated that PQCI was formed from a tyrosine and a glutamate, with all carbon and nitrogen atoms of the two amino acids incorporated into Remarkably, it was subsequently... 

P450 inhibitors clotrimazole and ketoconazole have been found to suppress 25-hydrox-ylation of 24-epibrassinolide and brassinolide in tomato cell suspension cultures, indicating that the 25-hydroxylation is catalyzed by a P450 enzyme. This 25-hydroxylation activity of 24-epibrassinolide and brassinolide is induced specifically by 24-epibrassinolide and brassinolide but not by 24-epicastasterone, (225,235)-28-homo-brassinolide and some non-specific P450 inducers [73]. 

Biosynthesis of the ergot bases involves an N-methylation step and it has been shown that the N-methyl group arises intact from methionine. It is as yet unknown, however, at which stage the methylation occurs but since iV-methyl-tryptophan and iV-methyltryptamine are not intermediates, the reaction must occur at a stage between (118) and chanoclavine-I (119). The failure of radioactive A -demethylchanoclavine-1 (or N-demethylchanoclavine-II) to label elymoclavine (123) in Claviceps cultures indicates that iV-methylation occurs before formation of the chanoclavine skeleton. 

This is not an unreasonable assumption. For instance, growth rate is zero order in substrate concentration as long as that concentration is large enough. Indeed, the very occurrence of exponential growth in batch cultures indicates that metabolic rates are zero order in substrate concentrations therein. 

This culture indicates there is still infection therefore, the medication is not effective. 

Hollaender, pp. 61-79. New York Plenum. Williams, G.M. 1980. Liver culture indicators for the detection of chemical carcinogens. In Short-Term Tests for Chemical... 

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