Contact dermatitis agents causing

Contact with the bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum gives rise to Dogger Bank itch , an allergic contact dermatitis. The causative agent is (2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylsulfoxonium ion (1). Synthesis of 1 was achieved by base-catalysed condensation of trimethylsulfoxonium chloride and formaldehyde [26]. 

Contact dermatitis is caused by a chemical agent in touch with the skin. 

Properties Paie yei. to amber translucent solid si. tuq)entine odor and taste sol. in alcohol, benzene, ether, glacial acetic acid, oils, carbon disulfide insol. in water m.w. 302.46 dens. 1.07-1.09 soften, pt. (R B) 78 C m. p. 100-150 C flash pt. 187 C anionic Toxicobgy May be harmful by inh., ing., or skin absorption may cause eye/skin irritation may cause contact dermatitis may cause sensitization by inh., skin contact TSCA listed Precaution Combustible incompat. with strong oxidizing agents Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2 emits toxic fumes under fire conditions... 

Toxicology May be harmful by inh., ing., or skin absorption may cause eye/skin irritation may cause contact dermatitis may cause sensitization by inh., skin contact TSCA listed Precaution Combustible incompat. with strong oxidizing agents... 

There are hundreds of topical steroid preparations that are available for the treatment of skin diseases. In addition to their aforementioned antiinflammatory effects, topical steroids also exert their effects by vasoconstriction of the capillaries in the superficial dermis and by reduction of cellular mitosis and cell proliferation especially in the basal cell layer of the skin. In addition to the aforementioned systemic side effects, topical steroids can have adverse local effects. Chronic treatment with topical corticosteroids may increase the risk of bacterial and fungal infections. A combination steroid and antibacterial agent can be used to combat this problem. Additional local side effects that can be caused by extended use of topical steroids are epidermal atrophy, acne, glaucoma and cataracts (thus the weakest concentrations should be used in and around the eyes), pigmentation problems, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum (251). 

Jessner s Solution has been used for over 100 years as a therapeutic agent to treat hyperkera-totic epidermal lesions [1]. This superficial peeling agent constitutes a mixture of salicylic acid, resorcinol, and lactic acid in 95% ethanol. Jessner s solution causes loss of corneocyte cohesion and induces intercellular and intracellular edema. Jessner s typically induces wounding to the level of the papillary dermis. Historically, resorcinol (a key component of Jessner s peels) was used in concentrations of 10-50% in the early twentieth century. High concentrations of resorcinol were associated with side effects such as allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact... 

Irritant contact dermatitis is not the result of an immunologic process, but rather occurs from direct injury to the skin. An irritating agent comes into contact with the skin, damages the protective layers of the epidermis and can cause erythema, the formation of vesicles, and pruritus.25,29,30 Symptoms occur within minutes to hours of exposure and begin to heal soon after removal of the offending substance.27... 

TABLE 62-5. Common Agents Causing Contact Dermatitis... 

Educate the patient about the recognition of agents that may cause contact dermatitis. 

The goals of treatment for contact dermatitis are to relieve the patient s symptoms, identify the underlying cause, identify and remove offending agents, and avoid future exposure to likely offending agents. 

Marine blue-green algae belonging to the Oscilla-toriaceae are frequently toxic. Lyngbya ma.iuscula. for example, is the causative agent of a severe contact dermatitis that sometimes affects swimmers and bathers at beaches on the windward side of Oahu,... 

Eye contact with liquid cyclohexanone may cause corneal injury. The liquid is a defatting agent, and prolonged or repeated skin contact may produce irritation or dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis has been reported in... 

CN may cause primary irritant dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis by delayed hypersensitivity. After sensitization, acute exposure to CN causes itching, erythema, edema, vesiculation, purpura, and necrosis.28 Jolly and Carpenter reported that an accidental discharge of a pen gun resulted in erythema and edema 24 h later the patient had been exposed to CN 5 yr earlier. Queen and Stander reported severe reactions to CN 17 yr after a first exposure to the agent. 

A variety of agents, including antibiotic penicillin, beryllium, mercaptobenzothiazole, phthalic anhydride, and dichromate salts, cause type IV allergic reactions, one common symptom of which is contact dermatitis. 

Carbodiimides are used in the laboratory as stabilizing agents, coupling agents and as condensation agents and a potential for exposure exists during these operations. The aliphatic carbodiimides are reported to be irritating to the skin, eyes and the respiratory tract. Contact dermatitis caused by DCC was reported. ... 

The authors highlighted the problem in diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis in patients who have other skin lesions in that area. They emphasized the importance of patch testing to identify the causative agent. 

Originally described in 1984, baboon sjmdrome is a form of systemic contact dermatitis involving the buttocks and adjacent skin in a distribution reminiscent of the erythematous buttocks seen in baboons (3). Areas under the underwear, the inner thighs, and the axillae can also be affected. Most cases are caused by oral agents, suggesting that excretion of the antigen may be a factor. In one case systemic... 

RCAs at low concentrations also produce a tingling or burning sensation and transient erythema of the skin. At higher concentrations, agents such as CN, CS, and DM can cause edema and blistering. They can also induce an allergic contact dermatitis after an initial exposure. These effects are successfully treated... 

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