Construction cost references

Table 9-42 presents information on some cost indices for the United States. Engineering News-Record updates its construction-cost index in March, June, September, and December. The Oil and Gas Journal gives the Nelson-Farrar refinery indices in the first issue of each quarter. The Chemical Engineering plant-cost index and Marshall and Swift equipment-cost index are given in each issue of the pubhcation Chemical Engineering. Derivation of the base values is referred to in the respective publications. 

Several sources (References 19. 20, 21, and 22) are available for estimating pumps and drivers to check in-house coiTelations or to fill in w here data is not available. Care must be exercised in using construction cost indexes to update the literature data. It would be w ise to calibrate the indexes and literature data by getting vendor prices on a few of the larger, more expensive pumps, and 5% or 10% of the common types of pumps in the project being estimated. 

Once the cost of each piece of major equipment is known, it must be adjusted by construction cost indexes. Due to inflation and changing competitive situations, the price of equipment changes from year to year (Reference 26). Fortunately, there are several indexes that help in estimating today s costs based on historical data. Some of these indexes are Nelson Refinery Construction Cost... 

The expenditure, and potential savings estimated by the UK Committee on Corrosion for a variety of industries are shown in Table 9.1. The savings shown are those which could be made by better use of available knowledge, and do not include the potential benefit of future research and development. The costs referred to are mainly those arising in the industries concerned, or, in certain cases, sustained by users of the products because of the need for protection, maintenance and replacement of the materials of construction. In the oil and chemical industries the costs of using corrosion resistant... 

The total electricity production cost from the FBNR is estimated at 2.1 cents/KWh, with reference to US. In this, the capital cost is about 1.6, the fuel cost is 0.3, and the O M cost is 0.2 cents/KWh. Costs at this level may compete well with alternative energy sources. The construction cost is estimated as -1000 US /kW(e), the construction period is about 2 years. 

Note that in this equation, the heat transfer area must be in the English unit of ft. M S is the Marshall and Swift index and is a correction factor to do with the condenser type, operating pressure, and the material of construction. Please refer to Douglas to obtain the estimated value of the correction factor. With the known condenser heat removal and the inlet and outlet temperature difference on the cooling water side, the annual cost of the cooling water can also be easily estimated. 

Another detector (Figure 5), designed for Technicon continuous flow analyzers, is simple in construction (with reference electrode placed outside the cell, in waste bottle)[18]. The simplicity of the cell was obtained at the cost of its dynamic properties. Nevertheless, the response times obtained with this detector were found to be sufficient for the given purpose. 

Costs of construction (investments). They are proportional with the main extensive quantity of each component. These costs refer to covering the surface xSiake of the lake, building the duct Spencer Gulf-Lake Eyre, including the pumps and the PV cells (this cost is a function of Lduct, ffduct, f duct, <2sw, material of the duct). 

With reference to a 450 MW(e) power station equipped with three MARS units, the direct construction costs listed in Table 4 are expected. The total direct investment cost is 753 429 000, including a 10% overestimation to account for contingencies during construction, 828 772 000 has been considered, corresponding to a unit direct cost of 1841 /kW(e). 

The term grass roots refers to a conpletely new facility in which we start the construction on essentially undeveloped land, a grass field. The term total module cost refers to the cost of making small-to-moderate expansions or alterations to an existing facility. 

Fixed charges on capital investment. Dircd construction costs. The estimated costs of equipment, installation of equipment, and construction are based on the plant layouts for the two reference designs evaluated in this study. Construction and erection costs of all items, as well as direct materials costs for those components manufactured by the Babcock Wilcox Company, were developed by B W estimators. Delivered costs of equipment supplied by manufacturers other than B W were taken from vendors quotations. 

A summary of direct construction costs for each reference design is tabulated in Tables 24-13 and 24-14. 

It is possible to construct a Cl wave function starting with an MCSCF calculation rather than starting with a HF wave function. This starting wave function is called the reference state. These calculations are called multi-reference conhguration interaction (MRCI) calculations. There are more Cl determinants in this type of calculation than in a conventional Cl. This type of calculation can be very costly in terms of computing resources, but can give an optimal amount of correlation for some problems. 

It is for the user to choose the most appropriate circuit breaker to suit requirements, application and cost. Here we discuss briefly the philosophy of circuit interruption and the effect of insulating and quenching mediums on the arc extinction of these breakers. We also deal briefly with the constructional features and application of such breakers. For more details one may refer to the manufacturers catalogues and literature available on the subject. 

Once the weight has been determined, the cost is obtained by multiplying by a /lb figure. Up-to-date numbers for the type of vessel or fractionator being estimated can be obtained from a vendor, in-house historical data, literature, or estimating books such as Reference 12. Make sure the cost reflects the materials of construction to be used. 

Due to the great variation in pressures, flux rates, materials of construction, heat recovery, burner configuration, etc., correlation of process heaters is difficult even with large amounts of data. For similar furnaces, heat absorption vs. cost gives the best correlation. It is again recommended that vendor help be obtained for estimating process furnaces, unless data on similar furnaces is available. Data can be found in References 24 and 25. 

Preliminary estimates of costs in foreign countries are difficult due to rapidly changing conditions overseas. For the many companies that do not have construction experience in foreign countries, or in the one being considered, help from a contractor who has built plants in that country is necessary in adjusting U.S. costs. If literature data is needed. References 30 and 31 give some data on foreign construction. 

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