Suspension concentrate formulations

Spinosad (Fig. 9) is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, originally isolated from the soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad is recommended for the control of a very wide range of caterpillars, leaf miners, thrips and foliage-feeding beetles. Spinosad is sold as an aqueous based suspension concentrate formulation under several trade names. 

Fig. 29.3.7. Activity of DE-175 (Fig. 29.3.6) and spinosad (Fig. 29.3.1) against codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae on treated apples in a simulated field exposure study. Suspension concentrate formulation. 

TABLE 12.4 Example Suspension Concentrate Formulation Imidacloprid Suspension Concentrate ... 

Microparticles. Size matters release rates depend on surface area, ie, a function of the square of the radius of a spherical particle, and thus larger particles release for longer and are able to manipulate the external availability of the pesticide. Small microparticles are therefore limited in their scope for controlling release but can be used in traditional spraying of dispersions onto soils and crops as well as for seed dressing. Suspension concentrate formulations of matrix microparticles have been developed based on various rosins, phenoUc resins, waxes, and bitumens. These have focused on lipophilic pesticides such as trifluralin and chlorpyrifos and reductions in volatility have been demonstrated (43). 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

Uses Napropamide is a slightly toxic amide herbicide. It is grouped by the USEPA under GUP.13 Napropamide is a selective systemic amide herbicide used to control a number of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It also is applied to soil growing vegetables, fruit trees and bushes, vines, strawberries, sunflowers, tobacco, olives, and other crops. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, granules, and suspension concentrates.12... 

Betnovate scalp application is an aqueous suspension and contains carbomer, isopropyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide and purified water. Carbomer is a thickening agent and it is used to increase the stability of suspension/emulsion formulations. Isopropyl alcohol is often used in topical formulations. It may be used as a solvent or as a disinfectant (if >70% concentration). Sodium hydroxide would be used to adjust the pH of the formulation, specifically in this case... 

The major classes of pesticides in use in the Region are organochlo-rine and organophosphorus compounds, Ccirbamates, pyrethroids and bacterial larvicides. Organophosphorus compounds are the most common, followed by pyrethroids. Insecticides are available in a variety of formulations, including emulsifiable concentrates (EC), wet-table powders (WP), dustable powders (DP), suspension concentrates (SC), oil-in-water emulsions (EW) and capsule suspensions (CS). 

Although the production of highly deflocculated suspensions is a primary objective for formulation of suspension concentrates, these systems tend to settle under gravity forming dilatant sediments (clays). The latter must be prevented either by controlled flocculation or by the addition of a second disperse phase to the continuous medium (1). One method which may be applied to sterlcally stabilised dispersions, is to add a free (ie. non-adsorbing) polymer to the continuous medium. 

Some pesticides are so insoluble in the solvents used in ECs that they have to be formulated in other ways. In this case, these pesticides can be formulated to become water-based mixtures that can be handled and applied in the same manner as ECs. Basically, suspend-able concentrate formulations that contain 50% to 90% of the toxicant are WPs of small particle size (1-5 pm) that remain in suspension for long periods. Suspendability and storage stability are improved by inclusion of surfactants and various additives. Oils can be added when penetration of plants is desired. 

Formulations Suspension concentrate, emulsifyable concentrate, wettable powder mixed formulations with Petroleum oils. 

Over the last 20 years, there have also been substantial improvements to the formulation that have enhanced selectivity and improved operator safety (Mulqueen, 1998). These include suspension concentrates (SC), capsule suspension (CS), and other formulations which are sprayed as particulate suspensions in this way certain aspects of chemical application may have become similar to those of biopesticides (e.g. as in Figure 8.8). Innovations with biopesticide formulation have sometimes proved momentous for example, the discovery that my coinsecticide efficacy could be substantially enhanced by formulating in oil (Prior etal., 1988). 

The formulation of agrochemicals as aqueous suspensions (suspension concentrates) has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This is due to the advantages produced by these systems, e.g. control of particle size distribution, ease of application (flowable systems that can be easily dispersed in the spray tank) and the possibility of incorporation of high surfactant concentrations which in many case are essential for biological control. 

Formulation Types Emulsifiable concentrate suspension concentrate. 

Formulation l pes Suspension concentrate hot fogging concentrate wettable powder, dustable powder. 

Formulation Types Suspension concentrate emulsifiable concentrate flowable powder (50%) liquid concentrate (4 Ib/gal) wettable powder. 

Formulation Types Suspension concentrate wettable powder dry seed treatment dust-able powder. 

Formulation l pes Water-dispersible granules emulsifiable concentrate suspension concentrate (4 Ib/gal) flowable powder (75%) wettable powder for application to soil surface (50%). 

Formulation Types Water-dispersible granules granules suspension concentrate wet-table powder. 

Formulation Types Granules suspension concentrate wettable powder. 

Formulation Types Emulsifiable concentrate granules (4%) suspension concentrate ... 

Formulation Types Water-soluble granules wettable powder suspension concentrate granular bait dustable powder. 

Formulation lypes Water-soluble powder suspension concentrate wettable powder, granules granular bait coating agent. 

Formulation Types Wettable powder dustable powder granules suspension concentrate seed treatment aerosol. 

Formulation l pes Emulsifiable concentrate wettable powder fumigant suspension concentrate granules dustable powder. 

Formulation Types Suspension concentrate emulsifiable concentrate. 

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