COMPUTERISED ANALYSIS

Solecki R, Hothom L, Holzweissig M, et al. 1991. Computerised analysis of pathological findings in longterm trials with phenylmercuric acetate in rats. Arch Toxicol (Supp 14) 100-103. 

Vibration can cause problems to the human body, machines and structures, as well as producing high noise levels. It is commonly measured using an accelerometer which can indicate a value in terms of acceleration, velocity or displacement. There are many types of accelerometer and associated instrumentation available which can give an analogue or digital readout or can be fed into a computerised analysis system. As with sotmd, the vibration component would be measured at particular frequencies or over a band of frequencies. 

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

The final step of method development is validation of the HPLC method. Optimisation of chromatographic selectivity [110], performance verification testing of HPLC equipment [591], validation of computerised LC systems [592] and validation of analysis results using HPLC-PDA [34] were reported. The feasibility of automated validation of HPLC methods has been demonstrated [593]. Interlaboratory transfer of HPLC methods has been described [594]. 

Strom BL, Carson JL, Morse ML, et al. The Computerised On-line Medicaid Pharmaceutical Analysis and Surveillance System a new resource for postmarketing drug surveillance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985 38 359. 

The widespread use of chromatography in quantitative analysis is mainly due to its reliability and to its use in standardised analyses. This type of analysis relies mainly on reproducibility of the separation and on the linear relationship that exists between the injected mass of the compound and the area of the peak in the chromatogram. The use of an integrating recorder or a microcomputer with the appropriate data treatment software allows automation of all the calculations associated with the analysis. Computer software can analyse the results and produce a computerised report. Trace and ultratrace analyses by chromatography are often the only recognised methods (EPA Methods for Environmental Analyses), although their costs are relatively high. The three most widely used methods are described below in their simplest formats. 

The principal exponent of the non-computerised approach to retrosynthetic analysis in organic synthesis, and which finds its origin in the early work of E. J. Corey, is S. Warren.5c d A useful shorter account is to be found in the writings of J. Fuhrhop and G. Penzlin.5 The non-computerised retrosynthetic analysis has also been termed the synthon approach, a term which was first introduced and defined by E. J. Corey.15... 

Analysis menu computerised assay realisation and control... 

Walker et al. [114] examined several methods and solvents for use in the extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from estuarine water and sediments, during an in situ study of petroleum degradation in sea water. The use of hexane, benzene and chloroform as solvents is discussed and compared, and quantitative and qualitative differences were determined by analysis using low-resolution computerised mass spectrometry. Using these data, and data obtained following the total recovery of petroleum hydrocarbons, it is concluded that benzene or benzene-methanol azeotrope are the most effective solvents. 

Sequential signals are surprisingly widespread in chemistry, and require a large number of methods for analysis. Most data are obtained via computerised instruments such as those for NIR, HPLC or NMR, and raw information such as peak integrals, peak shifts and positions is often dependent on how the information from the computer is first processed. An appreciation of this step is essential prior to applying further multivariate methods such as pattern recognition or classification. Spectra and chromatograms are examples of series that are sequential in time or frequency. However, time series also occur very widely in other areas of chemistry, for example in the area of industrial process control and natural processes. 

Krumme, M., Schwabe, L., and Fromming, K. H. (2000), Development of computerised prodedures for the characterisation of the tableting properties with eccentric machines Extended Heckel analysis, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 49, 275-286. 

The reports provided to participants in external quality assessment schemes should contain a munb of important values. As illustrated in Fig. 5, most schemes include data such as the number of participants accepted in the final analysis, the mmiber rejected, i.e. the outliers, the mean and standard deviation of the accepted results, the spiked value together with the individual participant s value and its standard deviation interval (si) from the consensus mean. In addition, a computerised frequency distribution histogram is generally provided. 

The control system for operating the instrument and computerised data analysis. 

For quick and effective measures in the case of radiologically abnormal situations and for comprehensive data filling and analysis, these measured values together with the other items of radioactive concentration in air and radioactivities in airborne effluents are centralised and analysed continuously by the computerised data acquisition system. 

It is expected that the results of research will be carefully recorded in a form that will allow continuous and future access for analysis and review. Attention should be given to annotating and indexing notebooks and documenting computerised information to facilitate detailed review of data. All data, even from observations and experiments not directly leading to publication, should be annotated, indexed, and documented." ... 

A6. Alme, B., Bremmelgaard, A., Sjdvall, J., and Thomassen, P., Analysis of metaboUc profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophdic anion-exchanger and computerised gas-liquid chromatogRqihy-mass spectrometry. J. Lipid Res. 18, 339-362 (1977). 

Brooks, P.W., Cardoso, J.N., Didyk, B., Eglinton, G., Humbertson, M.J. and Maxwell, J.R., 1977. Analysis of lipid fractions from environmental and geological sources by computerised gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In R. Campos and J. Goni (Editors), Advances in Organic Geochemistry, 1975. Enadimsa, Madrid, pp. 433—453. 

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