Computerisation

Correction for beam hardening artefacts in computerised tomography... 

Hammersberg, P., Techniques for the determination of the optimal performance of high resolution computerised tomography, in Department of Mechanical Engineering. 1997, Linkbping. p. 173. 

In fig. 2 an ideal profile across a pipe is simulated. The unsharpness of the exposure rounds the edges. To detect these edges normally a differentiation is used. Edges are extrema in the second derivative. But a twofold numerical differentiation reduces the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of experimental data considerably. To avoid this a special filter procedure is used as known from Computerised Tomography (CT) /4/. This filter based on Fast Fourier transforms (1 dimensional FFT s) calculates a function like a second derivative based on the first derivative of the profile P (r) ... 

Efficiency gain in verification operations thanks to computerisation of calculation operations and editing test reports. 

Computerised Ultrasonic Testing of Constructions which are Past their Service Life, Based on P-SCAN System. 

The computerised ultrasonic P-scan system (FORCE Institute, Denmark) has been in operation in Ukraine since 1992. Over this period rather extensive new technological experience has been accumulated of solving the complicated tasks of reliability of the constructions the design life of which is over. 

Insufficient information about the properties, layout pattern of small defects, potential for their growth in time, usually leads either to an unjustified rejection (repair) or to underestimation of the importance of the defect and, as aconsequence, construction failure. Use of automated computerised means of control allows safe service of the old constructions, periodically repeating the UT and monitoring the development of discontinuities in the metal. The main idea of such policy is periodical UT of development of discontinuities or, in a more general form, monitoring of the metal condition. 

Application of the computerised UT flaw detectors cardinally changes the approaches to diagnostics of the objects, the metal of which has degraded and need a more thorough periodical bulk inspection. 

The principal equipment for the ultrasonic examination is the P-scan system, PS-4, which is a computerised ultrasonic system, developed by FORCE Institute, for automatic, mechanical and manual ultrasonic examination of welds and materials. The system has documentation and storage facilities for all data related to each inspection operation, and includes visualisation of the inspection results in the form of images of the material volume examined. 

New technological capabilities in the performance of ultrasonic testing were implemented in the application of computerised flaw detectors, which allow development of new technologies and control of various especially critical and complex components. 

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

The Nippon Steel Corporation in 1972 pioneered the use of continuous annealing lines , in which rolled steel sheet is heat-treated and quenched under close computerised control while moving. For this advanced process to give its best results, especially when the objective is to make readily shapable sheet for automobile bodies, steel compositions have to be tailored specifically for the process composition and processing are seamlessly tied to each other. Today, dozens of these huge processing lines are in use worldwide (Ohashi 1988). 

Rog, J., Computerised Close Order Potential Surveys for Land Based Applications. Paper No. HC-42, Harco Corp. (1980)... 

Annex 10 Manufacture of Pressurised Metered Dose Aerosol Preparations for Inhalation Annex 11 Computerised Systems... 

Qualification and calibration, including recording system. Arrangements for computerised systems validation. 

This system includes measures and activities to control finished products, components, including water or gases that are incorporated into the product, containers and closures. It includes validation of computerised inventory control processes, drug storage, distribution controls, and records. 

It should be noted that our large-scale computerised plant all have data-logglng, and heat balance data can also be extracted when products reach the production scale. 

The final step of method development is validation of the HPLC method. Optimisation of chromatographic selectivity [110], performance verification testing of HPLC equipment [591], validation of computerised LC systems [592] and validation of analysis results using HPLC-PDA [34] were reported. The feasibility of automated validation of HPLC methods has been demonstrated [593]. Interlaboratory transfer of HPLC methods has been described [594]. 

Advanced computerisation and sensorisation and developments in the field of multielement optical detectors (CCD and PDA) and fibre optic remote spectroscopy have added modularity and flexibility. Silica-silica fibres used for spectroscopy applications are multimode with core diameters from 50 to 1000 p,m. The application of new technologies to optical instrumentation (e.g. improved gratings in spectrographs, the use of... 

Computerised identification of polymer additives on the basis of MS spectral data has been reported [1]. 

Pell AN, Schofield P. Computerised monitoring of gas production to measure forage digestion. Journal of Dairy Science. 1993. 76 1063-1073. 

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