Compounds emulsifying

Use Lubricating greases, pharmaceutical intermediates, synthetic waxes, textile lubricants, mold-re-lease agents, buffering compounds, emulsifying agents, adhesives, textile softeners, and lubricants. 

The PIB macroinitiators can also initiate living anionic polymerization of a wide variety of functional monomers, such as vinyl pyridine, N,N-dimethylacryl-amide, and a variety of protected monomers, such as silylated 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Polymerization studies with these monomers are in progress. The resulting products are potential new thermoplastic elastomers, dispersing agents, blending compounds, emulsifiers, non-ionic surfactants, biomaterials etc. 

Calcium linoleate n. White amorphous powder soluble in alcohol and ether insoluble in water. Used for waterproofing compounds, emulsifying agents, and as a stabilizer for oleoresinous paints. 

Growth stimulator in plants Compounds emulsifying dietary fats in the intestinal tract of animals and in this way improving hydrolysis of fats by lipases... 

Briischweiler, H., Nonionic surface-active compounds (emulsifiers) by HPLC (in German), Mitt. Gebiete Lebensm. Hyg., 1977, 68,46-63. 

Polymerization takes place, in the following manner in the presence of suitable peroxide catalyst these compounds polymerize with themselves (homopolymerizatiOn) in aqueous emulsion. When the reaction is complete, the emulsified polymer may be used directly or the emulsion coagulated to yield the solid polymer (312). A typical polymerization mixture is total monomer (2-vinylthiazole), 100 sodium stearate, 5 potassium persulfate, 0.3 laurylmercaptan, 0.4 to 0.7 and water, 200 parts. 

Sucrose Esters. These newer emulsifiers, approved for direct addition in the United States in 1983 (35), ate formed when sucrose is combined with various fatty acids and the resulting emulsion is dehydrated. These additives are odorless and tasteless, and can withstand the retort process. They are used in products when standards of identity do not preclude their use, such as baked goods, baking mixes, dairy product analogues, fto2en dairy desserts and mixes, and whipped milk products (39). High price has limited use in the United States, but these compounds ate used extensively in Japan as emulsifiers in baked goods (40). 

Two classes of fat replacers exist mimetics, which are compounds that help replace the mouthfeel of fats but caimot substitute for fat on a weight for weight basis and substitutes, compounds having physical and thermal properties similar to those of fat, that can theoretically replace fat in all appHcations (46). Because fats play a complex role in so many food appHcations, one fat replacer is often not a satisfactory substitute. Thus a systems approach to fat replacement, which reHes on a combination of emulsifiers, gums, and thickeners, is often used. 

Salts. Rochelle salt is used in the silvering of mirrors. Its properties of piezoelectricity make it valuable in electric oscillators. Medicinally, it is an ingredient of mild saline cathartic preparations, eg, compound effervescing powder. In food, it can be used as an emulsifying agent in the manufacture of process cheese. 

Additives. Because of their versatility, imparted via chemical modification, the appHcations of ethyleneimine encompass the entire additive sector. The addition of PEI to PVC plastisols increases the adhesion of the coatings by selective adsorption at the substrate surface (410). PEI derivatives are also used as adhesion promoters in paper coating (411). The adducts formed from fatty alcohol epoxides and PEI are used as dispersants and emulsifiers (412). They are able to control the viscosity of dispersions, and thus faciHtate transport in pipe systems (413). Eatty acid derivatives of PEI are even able to control the viscosity of pigment dispersions (414). The high nitrogen content of PEIs has a flame-retardant effect. This property is used, in combination with phosphoms compounds, for providing wood panels (415), ceUulose (416), or polymer blends (417,418) with a flame-retardant finish. 

Physical Form. Eor compounders, physical form is an important characteristic. They prefer sohd, free-flowing, nondusty materials whereas polymer manufacturers prefer materials that are Hquid and easily emulsified. Undesirable are semicrystalline materials which may stratify during storage. Also, substances to be avoided are highly viscous Hquids and low melting resins which block upon storage. 

In order to obtain a homogenous and stable latex compound, it is necessary that insoluble additives be reduced in particle size to an optimum of ca 5 )Tm and dispersed or emulsified in water. Larger-size chemical particles form a nucleus for agglomeration of smaller particles and cause localized dispersion instabiHty particles <3 fim tend to cluster with similar effect, and over-milled zinc oxide dispersions are particularly prone to this. Water-soluble ingredients, including some accelerators, can be added directly to the latex but should be made at dilute strength and at similar pH value to that of the latex concentrate. 

Mixing of latex compounds is accompHshed by stirring ingredients into the latex in the form of water solutions, dispersions, or emulsions. Although the mbber softeners needed to process dry mbber are not necessary for latex, use of emulsified softeners or polymeric plasticizers in natural or synthetic latex compounds provides lower modulus in the finished products. This reduces hand fatigue and increases touch sensitivity in dipped mbber gloves. Mineral oils are also used as an economy. 

Styrene—butadiene latexes generally are quite stable mechanically because of the presence of relatively large amounts of emulsifying and stabilizing agents, and therefore require addition of less stabilizer in compounding. The apphcations of SBR latex are classified in Table 21. This classification indicates the scope of the industry and illustrates the large number of diverse applications in which synthetic latices are employed. The latex types previously found most suitable for particular applications are also listed. 

Latex Mixes. The first step in latex fabrication is to bring compounding ingredients into solution or suitable dispersion form. Most ingredients are not water soluble and it is necessary to emulsify Hquids and microdisperse soHds in water (see Latex technology). 

Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions can be made with a surfactant alone or with a protective coUoid alone, but the usual practice is to use a combination of the two. Normally, up to 3 wt % stabilizers may be included in the recipe, but when water sensitivity or tack of the wet film is desired, as in some adhesives, more may be included. The most commonly used surfactants are the anionic sulfates and sulfonates, but cationic emulsifiers and nonionics are also suitable. Indeed, some emulsion compounding formulas require the use of cationic or nonionic surfactants for stable formulations. The most commonly used protective coUoids are poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyethyl cellulose, but there are many others, natural and synthetic, which are usable if not preferable for a given appHcation. 

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