Electrical oscillation

Salts. Rochelle salt is used in the silvering of mirrors. Its properties of piezoelectricity make it valuable in electric oscillators. Medicinally, it is an ingredient of mild saline cathartic preparations, eg, compound effervescing powder. In food, it can be used as an emulsifying agent in the manufacture of process cheese. 

Erequendy, a single ultrasonic transducer serves both as the sender of the ultrasonic pulse and as a receiver for the sound waves reflected from surfaces and interior discontinuities. The receiver transforms the stress pulse back into electrical oscillations. AH of the signals are displayed on an oscilloscope screen for interpretation. Eor a material of length E having a wave speed C, the anomaly shown in Eigure 4 would reflect a signal back to the... 

The electrical oscillations at the aqueous-organic interface or at membranes in the absence of any substances relative to the channel or gate were introduced. These oscillations might give some fundamental information on the electrical excitability in living organisms. Since the ion transfer at the aqueous-organic or aqueous-membrane interface and the interfacial adsorption are deeply concerned in the oscillation, it has been stressed that the voltammetry for the ion transfer at an interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions is... 

For laboratory use, ozone is normally produced at the time and location of use by means of an ozonizer. This device bombards oxygen with low frequency electrical oscillation (so-called silent... 

Recently we have found that sustained electrical oscillations are generated in a liquid membrane consisting of water/oil phase, where the aqueous phase contains surfactant and alcohol [3,10]. The difference between the concentrations in the aqueous and the oil phases forms the driving force of electrical oscillations. In the last section, we would like to describe this type of rhythmic oscillation from the point of view of the nonlinearity in the kinetics of transfer of lipid molecules through the oil/water interface. It is... 

Until the 1950s, the rare periodic phenomena known in chemistry, such as the reaction of Bray [1], represented laboratory curiosities. Some oscillatory reactions were also known in electrochemistry. The link was made between the cardiac rhythm and electrical oscillators [2]. New examples of oscillatory chemical reactions were later discovered [3, 4]. From a theoretical point of view, the first kinetic model for oscillatory reactions was analyzed by Lotka [5], while similar equations were proposed soon after by Volterra [6] to account for oscillations in predator-prey systems in ecology. The next important advance on biological oscillations came from the experimental and theoretical studies of Hodgkin and Huxley [7], which clarified the physicochemical bases of the action potential in electrically excitable cells. The theory that they developed was later applied [8] to account for sustained oscillations of the membrane potential in these cells. Remarkably, the classic study by Hodgkin and Huxley appeared in the same year as Turing s pioneering analysis of spatial patterns in chemical systems [9]. 

Because of its piezoelectric properties, synthetic CC-quartz is used for frequency control in electrical oscillators and filters and in electromechanical transducers. When mechanically stressed in the correct direction, CC-quartz develops an electric polarization. The opposite is also tme an applied electric field gives rise to a mechanical distortion in the crystal. Thin sections of quartz are cut to dimensions that produce the desired resonance frequency when subjected to an alternating electric field the vibrating crystal then reacts with the driving circuit to produce an oscillation that can be narrowly controlled. Quartz is ideal for this application because it is hard, durable, readily synthesized, and can be tuned to high accuracy, for example, quartz crystal clocks can be made that are stable to one part in 109. 

Capacitive sensing elements are incorporated into either electrical oscillator circuits or into a.c. deflection bridge circuits. An example of the latter is shown in Fig. 6.3117. In this the output voltage is ... 

As is specified in work [17], the system of conductivity electrons in a nanocrystal is similar to the resonator. Thereof electromagnetic field in a crystal can give rise to collective electronic excitations [17], which refer to as surface plasmons as they are caused by charges on a nanocrystal surface in dielectric [16]. At a>v dielectric permeability e (oj) according to the formula (5) is negative. It means that conductivity electrons in a nanocrystal oscillate out of phase with electric oscillations of an external field [16]. 

To extend the special concept of coherent electric oscillations to further phenomena, we assume two rather general postulates ... 

A. Hemptinne subjected a large number of substances to rapid electric oscillations in an arrangement which, according to the method of Lecher,3 permitted an investigation of the influence of various wave lengths.4 He found that methyl alcohol 6 at 15 mm. pressure and with weak oscillations gave ... 

Allyl Alcohol was. exposed for only a minute to electric oscillations it yielded ... 

Several traditional methods are based on use of an electrical oscillator incorporating an inductance L and a capacitance C in parallel this combination is known as a tank circuit. The frequency of such an oscillator is given by... 

The crest found may be a superposition of the e" and g", recalling the vagaries of figure 5. The crests of the latter displayed on figure 3 indicate that g and its harmonics dominate the curve Li + Lb and that c e a y e" are without relevance. The purpose of using the electric oscillations to interpret the astonishing presence of very low notes associated with very short thin pipes has, therefore, in a measiu-e, succeeded. 

T he silent electrical discharge in an ozonizer is always accompanied by some sort of high frequency electrical oscillations. The phenomenon has been pointed out by various authors 7). There is an oscillation with a frequency of several... 

Following WWII, Rabi and I returned to Columbia, Lamb remained there and we were later joined by Kusch. Research resumed quickly. Harold K. Hughes [7] succeeded in making the first resonance apparatus with electric oscillating and deflecting fields and used it to study CsF. Nierenberg revived the old alkali resonance apparatus to study atomic cesium for his thesis. 

A piezoelectric crystal is one that generates an electric field (i.e. develops charges on opposite crystal faces when subjected to mechanical stress) or that undergoes some change to atomic positions when an electric field is applied to it such crystals must lack a centre of symmetry (e.g. contain tetrahedral arrangements of atoms). Their ability to transform electrical oscillations into mechanical vibration, and vice versa, is the basis of their use in, e.g., crystal oscillators. 

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