Composites from waste paper

The main nutrients which are present in a paper mill effluent are carbohydrates from wood pulp or from waste paper, and also products which arise from their degradation. Compositions may be very variable and depend to a large extent upon the type and amount of waste paper, if any, which is being used. Recycled coated and surface-sized papers will introduce significant amounts of soluble polymers, in particular starch, which were used in the original surface treatment. 

Takagi, H., Nakagaito, A.N., Bistamam, M.S.A., 2013. Extraction of cellulose nanofiber from waste papers and application to reinforcement in biodegradable composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 32, 1542—1546. 

V/hen drying a wet composition in the form of powder, grains, pasted stars etc, place the container on the rack, spread a sheet of kraft paper on the container and place the wet composition on the paper and spread the material uniformly. In the sun stir the composition gently at intervals. VAien the composition is perfectly dried, pack the composition with the kraft paper,making a note on it of the name of the composition, the date, the name of the worker etc. and store it. For kraft paper we sometimes use paper from unbound waste cement bags v/hich is quite cheap and strong. 

The composition of MSW varies significantly from city to city. The compostable waste fraction represents typically more than 25% in most of the Asian cities, followed by non-compostable waste, paper and cardboard, and plastics, as shown in Figure 4. 

It is important to distinguish fly ash, bottom ash, and other CCP from incinerator ash (Chapter 14). CCP result from the burning of coal under controlled conditions and are nonhazardous. Incinerator ash is the ash obtained as a result of burning municipal wastes, medical waste, paper, wood, etc. and is sometimes classified as hazardous waste. The mineralogical composition of fly ash and incinerator ash consequently is very different. The composition of fly ash from a single source is very consistent and uniform, unlike the composition of incinerator ash, which varies tremendously because of the wide variety of waste materials burned. 

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology -Jalandhar. Seven students have completed their Ph.D. degree under his supervision. He has a wide experience in the field of natural products, polymers composites, hydrogels, removal of toxic heavy metal ions from waste water, removal of colloidal particles, sustained drug delivery, controlled release of insecticides/pesticides, etc. He has more than 80 research papers in various reputed international journals. He has more than 60 research papers in the proceedings of the international conferences and... 

In terms of composition, earthquake waste is predominantly construction and demolition waste, that is, waste generated from the demolition of earthquake-affected structures and infrastructure. Waste materials may include metal, concrete, brick, timber, plasterboard, pipes, asphalt, etc. In some cases, where buildings collapse during the earthquake or where buildings are not safe to enter following the earthquake, the waste will include the contents of the building. This could include personal property (e.g., essential documents, money, mobile phones), carpet, furniture, electronic and electrical equipment, plastics, paper, whiteware, putrescible waste, and potentially hazardous materials stored on site (e.g., gas cylinders, oils, pesticides). The exact composition of this waste will depend on the type of building construction and nature of the earthquake impacts. 

In order to develop measures for removal of debris from the waste matrix, the general types of debris anticipated need to be identified. A composite list, based on debris found at 29 Superfund sites, was developed. The list includes cloth, glass, ferrous materials, nonferrous materials, metal objects, construction debris, electrical devices, wood existing in a number of different forms, rubber, plastic, paper, etc., as presented in Table 11. Similar types of debris would be expected at RCRA sites. 

Table 16.2 Composition of sludges or effluents from a few selected waste sources Units are g/m3 except for pulp and paper sludges (mg/kg). Dashes, not determined... 

Phenol has been detected in the effluent discharges of a variety of industries. It was found in petroleum refinery waste water at concentrations of 33.5 ppm (Pfeffer 1979) and 100 ppb (Paterson et al. 1996), in the treated and untreated effluent from a coal conversion plant at 4 and 4,780 ppm, respectively (Parkhurst et al. 1979), and in shale oil waste water at a maximum of 4.5 ppm (Hawthorne and Sievers 1984). It has also been detected in the effluent from a chemical specialties manufacturing plant at 0.01-0.30 ppm (Jungclaus et al. 1978), in effluent from paper mills at 5-8 ppb (Keith 1976 Paterson et al. 1996), and at 0.3 ppm in a 24-hour composite sample from a plant on the Delaware River, 2 and 4 miles downriver from a sewage treatment plant (Sheldon and Hites 1979). 

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