Composite polymers electrical activity

The use of interpenetrating donor-acceptor heterojunctions, such as PPVs/C60 composites, polymer/CdS composites, and interpenetrating polymer networks, substantially improves photoconductivity, and thus the quantum efficiency, of polymer-based photo-voltaics. In these devices, an exciton is photogenerated in the active material, diffuses toward the donor-acceptor interface, and dissociates via charge transfer across the interface. The internal electric field set up by the difference between the electrode energy levels, along with the donor-acceptor morphology, controls the quantum efficiency of the PV cell (Fig. 51). 

Polymer-metal composites Cationic mobility activated electrically in membranes of the Nafion (DuPont) and Flemion (Asahi Glass) type leads to a bending response, again mimicking muscle action. 

Y Cao, Electrically Active Polymer Compositions and Their Use in Efficient, Low Operating Voltage, Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes with Air-Stable Cathodes, U.S. Patent 5,965,281, 1999. 

In recent several years, super-capacitors are attracting more and more attention because of their high capacitance and potential applications in electronic devices. The performance of super-capacitors with MWCNTs deposited with conducting polymers as active materials is greatly enhanced compared to electric double-layer super-capacitors with CNTs due to the Faraday effect of the conducting polymer as shown in Fig. 9.18 (Valter et al., 2002). Besides those mentioned above, polymer/ CNT nanocomposites own many potential applications (Breuer and Sundararaj, 2004) in electrochemical actuation, wave absorption, electronic packaging, selfregulating heater, and PTC resistors, etc. The conductivity results for polymer/CNT composites are summarized in Table 9.1 (Biercuk et al., 2002). 

Y. Cao. Electrically active polymer compositions and their use in efficient, low operating voltage, polymer light-emitting diodes with air-stable cathodes. US Patent 6284435, assigned to Uniax Corporation (Santa Barbara, CA), September 4,2001. 

Lim, C. S., K. H. Teoh, C. W. Liew, and S. Ramesh. 2014. Electric double layer capacitor based on activated carbon electrode and biodegradable composite polymer electrolyte. Ionics 20 251-258. 

Mo Z-1, Zhao Z-1, Chen H, Niu G-P, Shi H-f. Heterogeneous preparation of cellulose-polyaniline conductive composites with cellulose activated by acids and its electrical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2009 75 660-664. 

Mojarrad have been experimenting with various chemically active as well as electrically active ionic polymers and their metal composites as artificial muscle actuators. 

Aoyagi W, Omiya M (2013) Mechanical and electrochemical properties of an IPMC actuator with palladium electrodes in acid and alkaline solutions. Smart Mater Struct 22 055028 (10 pp) Asaka K, Oguro K (2000) Bending of Polyelectrolyte Membrane-platinum composites by electric stimuli. Part II. Response kinetics. I Electroanal Chem 480 186-198 Asaka K, Oguro K (2009a) IPMC actuators fundamentals. In Carpi F, Smela E (eds) Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators. Wiley, Chichester, pp 103-119 Asaka K, Oguro K (2009b) Active microcatheter and biomedical soft devices based on IPMC actuators. In Carpi F, Smela E (eds) Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators. Wiley, Chichester, pp 103-119... 

Fujiwara N, Asaka K, Nishimura Y et al (1999) Preparation of gold-sohd electrolyte composites as electric stimuli responsive materials. Chem Mater 12 1750-1754 Hamlen RP, Kent CE, Shafer SN (1965) Electrolytically activated contractile polymer. Nature... 

Mo, Z.L., Zhao, Z.L., Chen, H., Niu, G.P., Shi, H.F., 2009. Heterogeneous preparation of cellulose—polyaniline conductive composites with cellulose activated by adds and its electrical properties. Carbohydrates Polymer 75, 660—664. 

Bipolar plates uniformly distribute air and fuel supplied to FCs. They remove heat from the active area and carry current from cell to cell. Since they should not be too heavy, they are usually made from aluminum or other light metals. However, they are heavily corroded because of harsh conditions to FCs operation. Problems related to materials used for constraction of PEMFCs were reviewed by Hermaim et al. [112]. One of the solutions proposed in order to solve problems related to bipolar plates was coating them with various polymer-carbon-based composites. However, electric conductivity of such coatings may not be sufficient. Another approach proposed... 

Because of some apparent restrictions, organic materials including polymers are not very suitable for electrical SPL. First, the surface structure of organic materials is less stable and less defined compared to inorganic solids. Second, the materials to be used for electrical SPL have to be either electrically or optically active. Most of the SPL experiments have used Langmuir-Blodget films and self-assembled monolayers (SAM s) due to their well defined thickness, orientation of the molecules and uniform surface composition [446-450]. 

Carbon powder mixed with polymeric binder (PVdF, PTFE) has been widely used as anode material for lithium ion batteries and as the electrode material for EDLC with liquid electrolyte solutions. When such composite electrodes composed of carbon powder and polymer binder were used in all-solid-state EDLC, the performance was not good enough because of poor electrical contact between the electrode s active mass and the electrolyte. By having the electrolyte inside the composite electrode, the contact between the active mass in the electrode and the electrolyte can be considerably improved and hence the capacitance can... 

The metal oxides prepared by conventional baking or by the CVD method are, in general, chemically stable, crystalline materials, and show excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, and physical properties. Flexible porous gel films obtained by the surface sol-gel process are totally different. In this chapter, we described a new preparative method for ultrathin metal oxide films by stepwise adsorption of various metal alkoxides. We named this method the surface sol-gel process. Structural characterization of the gel films thus obtained, the electrical property, and formation of nano-composites with organic compounds, were also explained. The soft porous gel contains many active hydroxyl groups at the surface and interior of the film. This facilitates adsorption of organic compounds, and consequent preparation of ultrathin metal oxide/polymer nano-composite films and organization of functional small molecules. In the nano-composites, proper selection of polymer components leads to the design of new materials with unique electrical, optical, and chemi-... 

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