Complexes textile

Headliners are particularly complex textile-based composites because not only do they incorporate acoustic insulative materials but they also incorporate components such as internal mirrors, interior lighting, and associated wiring - a particular fire hazard. A typical structure described by Fung and Hardcastle shows that up to seven or more component layers may be present in a modem headliner, as outlined in Table 11.11 such a structure is truly a technical textile. The whole composite must be thermoformable with individual layers bound together using adhesive films or powders. Careful selection of each component is essential if it is to pass FMVSS 302 without the need for additional flame retardant treatment. 

The above fibre reinforcements are available in several forms that include almost parallel bundles of continuous filaments, either untwisted (rovings) or twisted (yarns), and short fibres (chopped) with a length of 3 mm to 50 mm (Keller, 2003). For use in pultrusion, fibre reinforcements can be worked to obtain textile products with several reinforcing directions. There are, therefore, several products available, either with randomly oriented fibres, which can be short (chopped strand mat) or continuous (continuous strand mat), or with oriented reinforcements (such as woven and non-woven fabrics, stitched fabrics, grids and meshes), which can be biaxial (0°/90° or -i-45°/-45°) or triaxial (0°/-i-45°/ 5°), the latter being considerably more expensive and less widely used in pultrusion. All these forms can be further combined to make complex textile products with continuous oriented fibres, together with randomly oriented short or continuous fibres. Figure 9.1 shows examples of forms of fibre reinforcement. 

Apart from conventional textile structures that are predominantly used in clothing and hygiene products, there is a large variety of considerably more complex textile structures used in technical applications, as shown in Fig. 1.14. 

Figure 1.14 Complex textile structures for technical applications...

Acetonitrile also is used as a catalyst and as an ingredient in transition-metal complex catalysts (35,36). There are many uses for it in the photographic industry and for the extraction and refining of copper and by-product ammonium sulfate (37—39). It also is used for dyeing textiles and in coating compositions (40,41). It is an effective stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly in the presence of aluminum, and it has some appflcation in... 

The protonated form of poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm—HCl) has two advantages over many cationic polymers high cationic charge densities are possible and the pendent primary amines have high reactivity. It has been appHed in water treatment, paper making, and textiles (qv). The protonated forms modified with low molecular weight aldehydes are usehil as fines and filler retention agents and are in use with recycled fibers. As with all new products, unexpected appHcations, such as in clear antiperspirants, have been found. It is usehil in many metal complexation appHcations (49). 

The performance of a textile fabric is characterized by terms such as strength, hand, drape, flexibiUty, moisture transport, and wrinkle resistance. Although the interactions among fibers in a fabric array are complex, its properties reflect in part the inherent properties of the fiber as well as how the fibers are assembled. 

Small, complex-shaped glass articles such as thread guides for the textile industry and television gun mounts for the electronics industry are made by the multiform process. The dry-milled powder is mixed with an inorganic binder and a fluid vehicle, and then atomi2ed by a spray dryer into small, dried agglomerates of glass powder and binder with good flow characteristics. They are subsequently pressed to the desired shape and fired. 

Requirements for space suits are more complex and frequently involve garments that can circulate water and/or air through the fibrous assembly. Laminated and/or coated garments with specific requirements to pressure, radiation, temperature, and humidity are more stmcturaHy complex as a textile product relative to the types of fibers used in this aerospace fabrication. 

Copper quinolinolate (oxine copper) is the chelate of divalent copper and 8-hydroxyquinoline and shares most of its market with copper naphthenate, which is a complex copper salt of mixed naphthenic acids. The principal uses are in wood treatments and some military textiles, where the green color is not objectionable. Copper naphthenate has an odor but is cheaper than oxine. Both copper naphthenate and 2inc naphthenate have performed well in environment tests, with exposure to soil above-ground, as well as concrete (33). 

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, AIQ 6H20, manufactured from aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid [7647-01-0], HQ, is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics as a flocculant and for impregnating textiles. Conversion of solutions of hydrated aluminum chloride with aluminum to the aluminum chlorohydroxy complexes serve as the basis of the most widely used antiperspirant ingredients (20). 

Aluminum salts of carboxylic acids, aluminum carboxylates, may occur as aluminum tricarboxylates (normal aluminum carboxylates), Al(OOCR)2 monohydroxy (monobasic) aluminum dicarboxylates, (RCOO)2Al(OH) and dihydroxy (dibasic) aluminum monocarboxylates, RCOOAl(OH)2. Aluminum carboxylates are used in three general areas textiles, gelling, and pharmaceuticals. Derivatives of low molecular weight carboxyUc acids have been mainly associated with textile appHcations those of fatty carboxyUc acids are associated with gelling salts and more complex carboxylates find appHcations in pharmaceuticals. 

Most commercial aluminum formate is monobasic aluminum diformate because of the difficulties involved in triformate preparation. The main appHcation is in textile waterproofing. Aluminum formate reacts with casein to form a water-soluble complex, which can emulsify paraffin and certain other waxes. Fabrics immersed in these emulsions are rendered water repellent (26—28). 

Natural Ethoxylated Fats, Oils, and Waxes. Castor oil (qv) is a triglyceride high in ticinoleic esters. Ethoxylation in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to a polyoxyethylene content of 60—70 wt % yields water-soluble surfactants (Table 20). Because alkaline catalysts also effect transestenfication, ethoxylated castor oil surfactants are complex mixtures with components resulting from transesterrfication and subsequent ethoxylation at the available hydroxyl groups. The ethoxylates are pale amber Hquids of specific gravity just above 1.0 at room temperature. They are hydrophilic emulsifiers, dispersants, lubricants, and solubilizers used as textile additives and finishing agents, as well as in paper (qv) and leather (qv) manufacture. 

The structure of these products is uncertain and probably depends on pH and concentrations in solution. The hydroxyl or carboxyl or both are bonded to the titanium. It is likely that most, if not all, of these products are oligomeric in nature, containing Ti—O—Ti titanoxane bonds (81). Thek aqueous solutions are stable at acidic or neutral pH. However, at pH ranges above 9.0, the solutions readily hydroly2e to form insoluble hydrated oxides of titanium. The alkaline stabiUty of these complexes can be improved by the addition of a polyol such as glycerol or sorbitol (83). These solutions are useful in the textile, leather (qv), and cosmetics (qv) industries (see Textiles). 

Heavy Metals. Heavy metals of particular concern in the treatment of wastewaters include copper, chromium, 2inc, cadmium, mercury, lead, and nickel. They are usually present in the form of organic complexes, especially in wastewaters generated from textiles finishing and dye chemicals manufacture. 

Organometallic Complexes. Wemer-type complexes of chromium and long-chain carboxyflc acids, eg, stearic acid, are water repeUents for fabrics of natural and synthetic fibers. The complexes have a smaU market in the textile industry. 

Leather Tanning and Textiles. Although chromium (VT) compounds are the most important commercially, the bulk of the appHcations in the textile and tanning industries depend on the abiUty of Cr(III) to form stable complexes with proteins, ceUulosic materials, dyestuffs, and various synthetic polymers. The chemistry is complex and not well understood in many cases, but a common denominator is the coordinating abiUty of chromium (ITT) (see LEATHER Textiles). 

Phthalocyanine Dyes. These days are synthesized as the metal complex on the textile fiber from, eg, phthalonittile and metal salts. A print paste typicaUy contains phthalonittile dissolved in a suitable solvent and nickel or copper salts. During a heat or steam fixation of 3—5 min, the dye is formed. The color range is restricted to blue and green shades and can be influenced to some extent by the choice of metal salt. A hot acid bath during afterscouting completes the process. 

Chemically, GA is a complex mixture of macromolecules of different size and composition (mainly carbohydrates and proteins). Today, the properties and features of GA have been widely explored and developed and it is being used in a wide range of industrial sectors such as textiles, ceramics, lithography, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, encapsulation, food, etc. Regarding food industry, it is used as a stabilizer, a thickener and/or an emulsifier agent (e.g., soft drink syrup, gummy candies and creams) (Verbeken et al., 2003). 

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