Community level

An indicative limit value is a more common type of limit that reflects expert evaluation based on scientific data where it is possible to identify the highest level of exposure along with the corresponding reference time period for which one can have confidence that there will be no adverse effects on health. For any chemical agent for which an indicative occupational exposure limit value is established at the community level, member states shall establish a national occupational exposure limit value, taking into account the community limit value and determining its nature in accordance with national legislation and practice. 

Biofilms and Metals A Community Level Ecotoxicology Approach. 44... 

Kapustka, L.A., Williams, B.A., and Fairbrother, A. (1996). Evaluating risk predictions at population and community levels in pesticide registration. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 15, 427-431. 

Kedwards, T.J., Maund, S.J., and Chapman, PE. (1999a and 1999b). Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies 1 Biological Monitoring and 11 Replicated design studies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 149-157 and 158-166. 

El Fantroussi S, L Verschuere, W Verstraete, EM Top (1999) Effect of phenylurea herbicides on soil microbial communities estimated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and community-level physiological profiles. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 982-988. 

Community-Level Aquatic System Studies—Interpretation Criteria (CLASSIC) Giddings, Brock, Heger, Heimbach, Maund, Norman, Ratte, Schafers, Streloke, editors... 

Siebenga et ah, 2007b Zheng et ah, 2010). In each year, a novel strain was seen to circulate, the number of NoV outbreaks increased to atypical levels in many coimtries simultaneously (Johansen et ah, 2008 Lopman et ah, 2004 Siebenga etah, 2010). The testing of archived patient sera supports a hypothesis where herd immunity is acquired at the community level to an existing Gn.4 strain, reducing the number and size of outbreaks in years without novel variants (Cannon et ah, 2009). The detection of a new variant strain in the summer has been proposed as a predictor for winter epidemic seasons of NoV infection (Verhoef et ah, 2008). 

J. L. Garland and A. L. Mills, Classification and characterisation of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole carbon-source utilisation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57 2351 (1991). 

Legislation at Community level dates back to November 1976 when Council Directive 76/895/EEC established MRLs for 43 active substances in fruits and vegetables. These MRLs were based on the best data available at that time. These MRLs are gradually being reviewed and, where appropriate, replaced with MRLs based on more current information and higher standards. 

Because of the great importance of drinking water for human health, quality standards for pesticides in water were developed at Community level based on the precautionary principle. Toxicological considerations were not taken into account to derive the general limit for pesticides. 

Inclusion in Annex I is the prerequisite for the mutual recognition of authorizations between Member States. At the time Directive 91/414/EEC was adopted in 1991, there were over 800 a.i. authorized for use in the Member States. The goal was to evaluate these at Community level within 12 years. However, the resources necessary to carry out this exercise were not fully recognized when the legislation was adopted. Moreover, time-consuming decision procedures delay the review process. Up to February 2002, 15 existing a.i. and 13 new a.i. were listed in Annex I, whereas 19 a.i. were rejected (see also Table 1). There is clearly a lack of mutual recognition between Member States. 

In addition to the evaluation at Community level, Member States have to evaluate the data submitted by applicants, because the authorization of plant protection products... 

ECHA points out that some materials currently considered as waste might in future be considered to have ceased to be waste [15]. These materials will then be out of the scope of waste legislation, and - if not covered by an exemption - will potentially fall under REACH. Clarification of end-of-waste criteria is a matter for waste legislation. In accordance with the general principle of subsidiarity of the European Union law, and following the revised Waste Framework Directive, Member States may decide case by case whether certain waste has ceased to be waste, where end-of-waste criteria have not been set at Community level. Member States have already worked for use of this regulation, like, e.g., the Waste Quality Protocol in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland [16]. 

Mn2+ active transport system in Staphylococcus aureus. These metal-microbe interactions result in decrease microbial growth, abnormal morphological changes, and inhibition of biochemical processes in individual (Akmal et al. 2005a,b). The toxic effects of metals can be seen on a community level as well. In response to metal toxicity, overall community numbers and diversity decrease. Soil is a living system where all biochemical activities proceed through enzymatic processes. Heavy metals have also adverse effects on enzyme activities (Fig. 1). 

Garland JL, Mills AL (1991) Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 2351-2359 Giuffre L, Piccolo G, Rosell R, Pascale C, Heredia OS, Ciarlo E (2001) Anthropogenic effect on soil organic phosphorus fractions in tropical ecosystems. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32 1621-1628 Gottlieb S (1976) The production and role of antibiotics in soil. J Antibiot 29 987-1000... 

Kirchsteiger, C., Availability of community level information on industrial risks in the EU. Trans. IChemE Proc. Safety Environ., 78, 81, 2000. 

Postigo C, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D (2008) Analysis of drugs of abuse and their human metabolic byproducts in water by LC-MS/MS a non-intrusive tool for drug abuse estimation at the community level. Trends Anal Chem 27 1053-1069... 

Stay, F.S., D.P. Larsen, A. Katko, and C.M. Rohm. 1985. Effects of atrazine on community level responses in Taub microcosms. Pages 75-90 in T.P. Boyle (ed.). Validation and Predictability of Laboratory Methods for Assessing the Fate and Effects of Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 865. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 

Giddings JM, Brock TCM, Heger W et al (2002) Guidance document on community level aquatic system studies - interpretation criteria. SETAC, Brussels... 

Indicators of microbial activity in soil represent measurements at the ecosystem level (e.g., processes regulating decomposition of organic residues and nutrient cycling, especially nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus). Measurements at the community level include bacterial DNA and protein synthesis. Frequency of bacteriophages is a measurement at the population level. 

Chemically defended macroalgae often dominate their environments (e.g., Marques et al. 2006). However, how these macroalgal species became dominant and what the mechanisms that maintain their dominance are, are questions that remain largely unanswered. Generally, heibivores that would consume more palatable, undefended seaweed species could be assumed to be the cause of chemically defended seaweed dominance, but experimental studies at the community level to... 

One of the key elements of the WFD is the implementation of a combined approach of emission limit values and quality standards (for waters, sediments and biota), and also the phasing out of particularly hazardous substances. Accordingly, a list of 33 priority substances, which represent a significant risk to the aquatic environment at community level, was established. For the first time two surfactant metabolites, namely NP and OP, have been included in this priority list. 

Their website, (http //longislandnn.org/) is a model for coordinating community level information and activity. 

FIGURE 12-10 Community-level interactions in a mixed-conifer forest ecosystem. Reprinted with permission from Taylor. Types of interaction ... 

We believe that action to prevent cancer is rational, timely and important, and should be, therefore, a major priority and responsibility for international agencies, government, industry, non-governmental organisations, medical and health authorities, and for all working in the public interest at international, national and community level. 

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