Study interpretation

Community-Level Aquatic System Studies—Interpretation Criteria (CLASSIC) Giddings, Brock, Heger, Heimbach, Maund, Norman, Ratte, Schafers, Streloke, editors... 

Giddings JM, Brock TCM, Heger W et al (2002) Guidance document on community level aquatic system studies - interpretation criteria. SETAC, Brussels... 

Under practical aspects, the number of corpora lutea equals the number of oocytes released in the last (and relevant for study interpretation) estrus. In order for the corpora lutea to be formed and persist, at least one conceptus has to be present. In the absence of viable conceptuses, at the time of terminal sacrifice, corpora rubra from earlier estruses may be mistaken for corpora lutea. So in... 

Brock, T.C.M. and Ratte, H.T. (2002) Ecological risk assessment for pesticides discussion paper for the CLASSIC workshop, in Community-Level Aquatic Systems Studies - Interpretation Studies CLASSIC, (eds J.M. Giddings,... 

Electron microscopic pictures taken during phase 2 show an increased number of clathrin-coated D-shaped plasma membrane invaginations, which were initially attributed to synaptic vesicle caught in the process of fusion with the presynaptic membrane (Abe et al. 1976 Chen and Lee 1970), but later studies interpreted them as incomplete endocytosis of SV (Dixon and Harris 1999 Harris et al. 2000). We have suggested that SPAN halts endocytosis at its very last step, the fission of the vesicle from the plasma membrane which requires the neck closure, i.e., exactly the reverse process of membrane fusion (Montecucco and Rossetto 2000 Rossetto et al. 2006). 

The Community-Level Aquatic Systems Studies Interpretation Studies (CLASSIC) guidance document, which deals with the interpretation of results of microcosm and mesocosm tests in the risk assessment procedure of pesticides, recommends that regulatory model ecosystem experiments be conducted in spring to midsummer (Giddings et al. 2002). On the basis of the limited number of model ecosystem experiments described above, it seems that threshold concentrations for effects observed in early-season studies are reasonably predictive for threshold concentrations later in the season. Above these threshold concentrations, however, the intensity and duration of the responses (direct and indirect effects) may vary during different periods of the year. Consequently, the extrapolation of NOECcommunity values from one season to another seems to be possible with lower uncertainty than hazard estimates of higher concentrations in which both direct and indirect effects are involved. 

Giddings JM, Brock TCM, Heger W, Heimbach F, Maund SJ, Norman SM, Ratte HT, Schafers C, Streloke M, editors. 2002. Community-level aquatic systems studies interpretation studies CLASSIC. Pensacola (FL) SETAC Press, 44 p. 

The firm theoretical understanding of the spectra of model molecules has been a major impetus to apply the techniques to complex, unknown solid-state structures of technological importance. Characterization of atomic composition, structure, and bonding in the surface and subsurface of practical specimens is the first step. Most studies interpret changes in the core-level spectra in terms of surface-chemical mechanisms involved in, for example, processing conditions, exposure to inert or reactive gas plasmas, chemical reactions, or aggressive service environments. 

Several of the characteristic groupings in the complete structure of the protein will become more apparent if the amino acid sequence is expressed in one-letter symbols (Sorm et al., 1961). The following abbreviations were used by Keil and Sorm (1962) in their study interpreting protein structure by this approach ... 

For all these reasons it is clear that the microscopic foimdation of the equations under study, interpreted as in Chapter I, is of particular importance for a deeper understanding of the various outcomes of its appUcation. Therefore, we wiU pay special attention in this chapter to the construction of a model for fluctuating selection We will consider an optimum model in which the maximum fitness fluctuates at random with time. 

The case-control method does have its problems. Characterization of past exposure experiences by both cases and controls is sometimes based on memory. Individuals will be able to recall their occupations, but may not be able to pinpoint specific chemicals. They almost certainly can not specify the quantity of exposure (chemical concentrations), although they may perhaps recall the total time they were exposed. Study interpretation is sometimes complicated by the possibility that cases and controls may differ in their recollections of past exposures if this is the case (and it s not easy to tell if it is), the study may not meet the criteria expected for a truly controlled situation. In some cases recollection can be checked by turning to documentary records of those exposures, but past record keeping on most occupational exposures was typically irregular and incomplete. Other problems exist in selecting appropriate controls, and there are sometimes serious technical difficulties associated with statistical analysis of study results. 

Some of the authors of the studies interpreted their results in relation to ambient levels of a particular nutrient rather than to a particular initial or supply ratio, in effect emphasising kS(p) rather than kQ. Thus Egge and Aksnes (1992) found that... 

Greaves P. Histopathology of Predinical Toxicity Studies. Interpretation and Relevance in Drug Safety Evaluation, pp. 107-108. New York, NY Elsevier, 2000. 

Greaves, P. 2007. Histopathology in preclinical toxicity studies Interpretation and relevance in drug safety evaluation, 3rd ed. Amsterdam Elsevier Science. 

Early theoretical studies interpreted circadian rhythms in terms of limit cycle behaviour (Pavlidis Kauzmann, 1969 Pavlidis, 1973 Winfree, 1970,1980). The recent advances in the mechanism of circadian rhythmicity pave the way for the construction of realistic models that will address this issue in more precise biochemical terms. One such model is proposed in chapter 11 of this book. 

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