Industrial risks

Two compounds associated with particular industrial risks are iron(III) oxide, Fe202, and iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO). Chronic inhalation of iron(III) oxide leads to siderosis. Adequate ventilation and mechanical filter respirators should be provided to those exposed to the oxide. Iron pentacarbonyl is volatile and highly toxic. 

IRI. Loss Prevention and Protection for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants. Industrial Risk Insurers, Hartford, CT. 

IPE results genrally are consistent with the results of previous NRC and industry risk studies in indicating that the CDF is often determined by many accident sequence combinations, rather than a failure. The largest contributors to CDF vary among the plants (e.g., LOCAs dominate some IPE while station blackout [SBO] dominates others). Support systems, whose design varies considerably with plant, are important to all plants because they can cause multiple front-line system failures. This may account for much of the variability in the IPE results. 

Industrial Risk Insurers (1990) states that the TNT equivalency of actual chemical plant vapor cloud explosions is in the range of 1% to 5%. A value of 2% based on... 

Industrial Risk Insurers 2% of the heat of combustion of the quantity of fuel spilled. 

Industrial Risk Insurers. Oil and Chemical Properties Loss Potential Estimation Guide. IRI-Information February I, 1990. 

John A. Davenport (Industrial Risk Insurers), chair John V. Birtwistle (Monsanto Chemical Company)... 

Oil Pump Stations and Offshore Properties, Industrial Risk Insurance, Hartford, Conn. (See [19].)... 

Anon, AIChE s Design Institutes Help Reduce Industrial Risks, CEP, 84 (9) 22-23, September 1988. 

With IRRA companies in the same industry are permitted to form a specialized insurance company to insure themselves. As an example, one was been established in Vermont 1992 that was called the Plastics Industry Risk Retention Group (PIRRG). 

Industrial Risk Insurers IRInformation Manual 2.5.2. Hartford, CT. 

IRInformation IM.2.5.2. Plant Layout and Spacing for Oil and Chemical Plants. Hartford, CT Industrial Risk Insurers. 

Kirchsteiger, C., Availability of community level information on industrial risks in the EU. Trans. IChemE Proc. Safety Environ., 78, 81, 2000. 

The spacing recommendations for process layout have been presented in literature as matrixes and lists of the typical minimum distances between different process items (Industrial Risk Insurers (1991) Bausbacher and Hunt (1993) Prugh (1982)). A suitable distance to another process item depends mostly on the safety properties of the process items. The clearance required for maintenance and access determine usually shorter spacings compared to safety clearances. In some references access and maintenance clearances are given separately. Therefore it can be assumed that the average of the recommended equipment spacings is mostly related to the general unsafety of a specific process item. 

Prugh (1982) Bausbacher and Hunt (1993) Industrial Risk Insurers (1991) Institut Francais du Petrole... 

Industrial Risk Insures (IRI), IM 2, Section 2.5.3. Fire Protection Water Spill Control for Outdoor Oil Chemical Plants. IRI, Hartford, CT, 1992. 

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