Coordination and Communication

The analysis so far has looked at each component separately. But coordination and communication between controllers are important sources of unsafe behavior. 

A different type of coordination problem occurred in an aircraft collision near Uberlingen, Germany, in 2002 [28, 212], The two controllers—the automated onboard TCAS system and the ground air traffic controller—provided uncoordinated control instructions that conflicted and actually caused a collision. The loss would have been prevented if both pilots had followed their TCAS alerts or both had followed the ground ATC instructions. 

In the friendly fire accident analyzed in chapter 5, the responsibility of the AWACS controllers had officially been disambiguated by assigning one to control aircraft within the no-fly zone and the other to monitor and control aircraft outside it. This partitioning of control broke down over time, however, with the result that neither controlled the Black Hawk helicopter on that fateful day. No performance 

The communication links theoretically in place at the time of the Oberlingen aircraft collision (adapted from [212]). 

Nearly all the communication Unks were broken or ineffective at the time of the accident (see figure 11.10). A variety of conditions contributed to the lost links. 

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Mutual Exclusion (MUTEX). The idea of multiple entities all working on the same piece of work raises this issue of coordination and communication among the individual processes. A weU-known example from banking is instmctive. Consider two bank tellers simultaneously performing withdrawals from the same bank account. Both read the account balance and determine that the balance is 100, and so a withdrawal of 100 is allowed. Both then withdraw 100 from the account. Clearly this process needs some means by which the actions of the independent processes can be synchronized and coordinated. 

Definition of Responsibilities Facility personnel understand their roles and responsibilities in achieving the desired level of PSM performance. Appropriate checks and balances have been establish to minimize confiicts of interest. Internai coordination and communication mechanisms exist. 

The site characterization team leader is responsible for implementing the site characterization plan in the field and supervising site characterization personnel. The site characterization team leader must coordinate and communicate with the incident commander during site characterization. 

A team leader should be objective, independent, and competent in both administrative and managerial skills as well as technical incident investigation skills. Many of the leader s activities involve coordination and communication with both the team and others, including site management. 

Plan for coordination and communication with other functions... 

The FDA is directed by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs whose appointment by the DHHS Secretary is subject to confirmation by the United States Senate. The Office of the Commissioner includes eight subsidiary offices. These are Chief Counsel Equal Oppor-timity Administrative Law Judge Senior Associate Commissioner International and Constituent Relations Policy, Planning, and Legislation Management and Systems and Science Coordination and Communication. In addition, the Office of the Commissioner directs the activities of five Centers that... 

With the need for so many functional groups to be involved in the effective management of sustainability programs, coordination and communication within the company is the key to success. Mistakes and failures are inevitable, yet the leaders will persevere and will realize performance improvement and bottom-line benefits. Companies will eventually view sustainability as an integrated business process, and will clarify roles and responsibilities for functional groups. They will roll out more systematic programs, develop monitoring activities, and periodically re-think their approach. 

CSEPP, as well as discussions with directors of state emergency management agencies, have all stressed the importance of a well-coordinated response-management capability. The recent reorganization will require excellent coordination and communication to overcome the barriers of separate organizational responsibilities. 

For incidents beyond the capabilities of the resources at the warehouse, appropriate outside agencies such as public emergency responders, environmental and emergency management agencies, remediation firms and mutual aid groups should be included in the plan. The need for an off-site emergency coordination and communication control center should also be considered. 

Watson, Kenneth M. "Technologists In Top Management, Part One The Business SUCCESS Factor," and "Part Two Management, Technologists, Coordination, and Communication." Chemical Engineering Progress, 55, pp. 37-44, 37-41, February and May 1959. 

Coordination and Communication among Controllers and Decision Makers... 

Coordination and communication among all flights into the TAOR must be estabhshed. Procedures must be estabhshed for determining who should be and is in the TAOR at all times. 

For each component of the structure, information must be determined about its overall role, responsibilities, controls, process model requirements, coordination and communication requirements, contextual (environmental and behavior-shaping) factors that might bear on the component s abihty to fulfill its responsibilities, and inputs and outputs to other components in the control structure. The responsibihties are shown in figure 7.5. A risk analysis on ITA and the safety control structure is described in chapter 8. 

Examine overall coordination and communication contributors to the loss. 

Limiting the size of the team working on a module is of critical importance. Since the overhead of coordination and communication grows with the square of the team size, teams typically consist of only a few people. For example, the... 

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