Designated chemical substances

The total number of chemical substances registered under the Chemical Substances Control Law is approximately 28 000 including approximately 20 000 substances as existing substances as of 1973 and approximately 8000 substances as new substances registered thereafter. Until the amendment, they were classified into non-regulated substances, class I specified chemical substances, class II specified chemical substances and designated chemical substances according to their hazard levels on humans caused by their environmental pollution. In the Chemical Substances Control Law amended in 2004 there have been newly established -... 

Specified class I designated chemical substances 12 substances (carcinogenic substances among the class I designated chemical substances)... 

The notified amount of all specified class I designated chemical substances released and transferred totaled 20 000 tonnes during the period from April 2002 to March 2003. 

The notified amounts of all class I designated chemical substances released and transferred totalled 290 000 tonnes and 217 000 tonnes, respectively, during the period from April 2002 to March 2003. In addition, 589000 tonnes of such substances not subject to notification (e.g. substances released from enterprises each with less than 21 employees and from households) were released in a year according to an estimate made by the government. 

In addition, there are chemical substances designated as class II designated chemical substances under the PRTR system. 

Substances which are as toxic as class I designated chemical substances, but to which humans and the environment are not so much exposed as class I designated chemical substances (substance manufactured and imported in an amount of 1 tonne/year or more and detected in only one place in the environment). 

The amount of a class II designated chemical substance released and transferred needs not be reported to the government. When an enterprise tries to sell or provide a product containing such a substance to another enterprise, the seller must prepare an MSDS containing information on the name, content, properties and warnings in handling of the substance and provide it to the buyer before delivery of the product (the system was enforced in January 2001). 

Several of the surfactants generally used as daily commodity materials (the four listed below) fall under class I designated chemical substances in the PRTR system and, therefore, their release and transfer amounts must be reported to the government. These surfactants were designated because they are produced and imported in large amounts, have ecotoxicity (LC50 <10 mg/L), and were detected in two or more places in the environment (having no noteworthy toxicity to humans). 

Challenges and innovations are also made by the private sector. Responding to strict regulations introduced by the European Union (EU), in particular responding to the RoHS directive that entered into force in July 2006, many manufactures of electric appliances eliminated designated chemical substances from their products. 

One tool that is extremely useful in the construction of models is the computer. Computer-generated models enable scientists to design chemical substances and explore how they interact in virtual reality. A chemical model that looks promising for some practical application, such as treating a disease, might be the basis for the synthesis of the actual chemical. 

In Japan, no regulation for short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) had been implemented and SCCPs are not included in the list of designated chemical substances for the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR). Risk assessment of SCCPs, which was performed in Europe, the U.S, Canada, and Australia, was not conducted in Japan, and the releases of SCCPs into the environment, which can be obtained from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRl) in the U.S., are not available. 

Japanese labelling requirements are not as comprehensive as in the EC and the USA, and there is currently no legal requirement for MSDSs. Specified and designated chemical substances under the MITI/MHW scheme have to be labelled appropriately, as do dangerous substances under the MOL law and other legislation. 

Many countries have adopted chemical substance iaventories ia order to monitor use and evaluate exposure potential and consequences. In the case of essential oils used in many fragrance appHcations, these oils must be on many of these Hsts. New essential oils used in fragrances are subject to premanufactuting or premarketing notification (PMN). PMN requirements vary by country and predicted volume of production. They require assessment of environmental and human health-related properties, and reporting results to designated governmental authorities. 

Catalysis has been employed in science to designate a substance which by its mere presence facilitates or enhances the rate of chemical reactions. As such it was a cloak tor ignorance. Wlien the states of an over-all catalytic process can be described in terms of a well-defined succession of chemical and physical processes the details of which are well understood or ai e quite plausible, then the necessity for employing such a word as catalysis to mask our ignorance no longer exists.. . ... 

A designated primary chemical reference substance is widely acknowledged as having appropriate qualities within a specified context, and whose value is accepted without reliance on comparison to another chemical substance. 

Process industry has used the Dow Fire and Explosion Hazard Index (DOW, 1987) and the Mond Index (ICI, 1985) for many years. These indices deal with fire and explosion hazard rating of process plants. Dow and Mond Indices are rapid hazard-assessment methods for use on chemical plant, during process and plant development, and in the design of plant layout. They are best suited to later design stages when process equipment, chemical substances and process conditions are known. 

Chemical substances, testing, 24 186 Chemical syntheses. See also Syntheses computer-aided molecular design and, 26 1036-1038... 

On January 1, 1977, the chemical industry truly became a regulated industry. The environmental laws up until that time had covered some chemicals, but had been media oriented. That is — they were concerned about certain chemicals that escaped as emissions or pollutants to various media - the air, our water, contaminated our food or entered the workplace. TSCA changed that direction. It was designed to regulate commerce on chemical substances. TSCA potentially applies to all chemicals manufactured, processed, distributed or used in the U.S. except those chemicals already regulated under certain other federal laws. TSCA affects not only the chemical industry itself, but the many other industries whose products are chemical in nature. This includes most all industrial products. 

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