Combustion, intrinsic

Actually, the system capacitance and the pressure-decay rate measure the rate of capacitance discharge of the system. Because the combustion process is known to be controlled by pressure, the pressure-decay rate will disturb the combustion process. If the decay rate is greater than the intrinsic pressure-growth rate of the controlling reaction, the combustion process will not recover. This suggests that the pressure-decay rate dP/dt is the intrinsic term, rather than the capacitance term (L ). 

The first phenomenon observed is the improved resistance of these materials to combustion, in a way that they may be classified as intrinsically self-extinguishing substrates. For instance, the LOI value for PTFEP is reported to be 48 [452], which is much higher than reported for classical organic plastics [283], while phosphazene fluoroelastomers have been considered as fire-retardant materials since the very beginning of their preparation and utilization [562]. Similarly to aryloxy- and arylamino- substituted POPs [389,390] (vide infra),it may be expected that the flame-resistance properties of phosphazene fluoroelastomers could be successively exported to stabihze organic macromolecules when blended with these materials. 

Maas, U., Pope, S. B., Simplifying chemical kinetics intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds in composition space. Combust. Flame 88 (1992) 239-264. 

The waste products from any process (gases, liquids and solids) which contain significant quantities of combustible material can be used as low-grade fuels for raising steam or direct process heating. Their use will only be economic if the intrinsic value of the fuel justifies the cost of special burners and other equipment needed to bum the waste. If the combustible content of the waste is too low to support combustion, the waste will have to be supplemented with higher calorific value primary fuels. 

When a solid particle of species B reacts with a gaseous species A to form only gaseous products, the solid can disappear by developing internal porosity, while maintaining its macroscopic shape. An example is the reaction of carbon with water vapor to produce activated carbon the intrinsic rate depends upon the development of sites for the reaction (see Section 9.3). Alternatively, the solid can disappear only from the surface so that the particle progressively shrinks as it reacts and eventually disappears on complete reaction (/B =1). An example is the combustion of carbon in air or oxygen (reaction (E) in Section 9.1.1). In this section, we consider this case, and use reaction 9.1-2 to represent the stoichiometry of a general reaction of this type. 

Intrinsically Safe Circuits A circuit which any spark or thermal effect, produced either normally or in specified fault conditions, is incapable, under the test conditions prescribed in this standard, of causing ignition of a mixture of flammable or combustible material in air in its most easily ignited concentration."(3)... 

Materials that, under emergency conditions, would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible materials Materials that will not bum under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand. Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions. 

Intrinsic safety is based on the principal of restricting the electrical energy available in hazardous area circuits such that any sparks or hot surfaces that may occur as a result of electrical faults are too weak to cause an ignition. The useful power is about 1 watt, which is sufficient for most current instrumentation. It also provides a personnel safety factor since the voltages are low and it can allow field equipment to be maintained and calibrated "live" without the need for a gas free environment verification. Electrical components or equipment can be manufacturer as intrinsically safe and there readily usable in areas where combustible gases or vapors may be present. 

An example of a smart tabulation method is the intrinsic, low-dimensional manifold (ILDM) approach (Maas and Pope 1992). This method attempts to reduce the number of dimensions that must be tabulated by projecting the composition vectors onto the nonlinear manifold defined by the slowest chemical time scales.162 In combusting systems far from extinction, the number of slow chemical time scales is typically very small (i.e, one to three). Thus the resulting non-linear slow manifold ILDM will be low-dimensional (see Fig. 6.7), and can be accurately tabulated. However, because the ILDM is non-linear, it is usually difficult to find and to parameterize for a detailed kinetic scheme (especially if the number of slow dimensions is greater than three ). In addition, the shape, location in composition space, and dimension of the ILDM will depend on the inlet flow conditions (i.e., temperature, pressure, species concentrations, etc.). Since the time and computational effort required to construct an ILDM is relatively large, the ILDM approach has yet to find widespread use in transported PDF simulations outside combustion. 

In general, biotransformation reactions are beneficial in that they facilitate the elimination of xenobiotics from pulmonary tissues. Sometimes, however, the enzymes convert a harmless substance into a reactive form. For example, CYP-mediated oxidation often results in the generation of more reactive intermediates. Thus, many compounds that elicit toxic injury to the lung are not intrinsically pneumotoxic but cause damage to target cells following metabolic activation. A classic example of this is the activation of benzo(a)pyrene, which is a constituent of tobacco smoke and combustion products, and is... 

Zone I combustion proceeds at an overall rate equal to the product of the intrinsic burning rate, evaluated at the ambient oxygen concentration, and the total internal surface area. The char diameter necessarily stays constant and the particle density continually decreases as particle mass is evenly removed throughout the particle on the pore surfaces (constant-diameter combustion). 

Fio. 7. Comparison of intrinsic combustion rate constant on various noncatalyzing oxide bases (0) Filtrol 110 ( ) silica-magnesia (O) Fuller s earth. The dashed line denotes standard noncatalyzed kinetics. 

Fig. 28. The cumulative COj/CO ratio for coke bum-off on spherical catalyst beads versus combustion temperature in air (O) white amorphous silica-alumina ( ) green Cr02-containing amorphous silica-alumina (M) macroporous white catalyst. The weight (mg) of the bead tested is denoted by the numerals adjacent to the respective symbol. Dashed line represents intrinsic ratios from carbon combustion research. From Weisz (1966).

Weisz, P. B., and Goodwin, R. D. (1966). Combustion of carbonaceous deposits within porous catalyst particle. II. Intrinsic burning rate. J. Catal. 6, 227. 

An intrinsic, exothermic water-gas shift reaction occurs in the steam reformer reactor. The combined reaction, steam reforming and water gas shift, is endothermic. As such, an indirect high temperature heat source is needed to operate the reactor. This heat source usually takes the shape of an immediately adjacent high temperature furnace that combusts a small portion of the raw fuel or the fuel effluent from the fuel cell. Efficiency improves by using rejected heat from other parts of the system. Note that the intrinsic water-gas shift in the reactor may not lower the... 

The use of feedback-control techniques to modulate combustion processes in propulsion systems has recently received extensive attention [1-3]. Most of the previous studies involved direct implementation of existing control methods designed for mechanical devices, with very limited effort devoted to the treatment of model and parametric uncertainties commonly associated with practical combustion problems. It is well established that the intrinsic coupling between flow oscillations and transient combustion responses prohibits detailed and precise modeling of the various phenomena in a combustion chamber, and, as such, the model may not accommodate all the essential processes involved due to the physical assumptions and mathematical approximations employed. The present effort attempts to develop a robust feedback controller for suppressing combustion instabilities in propulsion systems. Special attention is given to the treatment of model uncertainties. Various issues related to plant... 

The formulation described above provides a useful framework for treating feedback control of combustion instability. However, direct application of the model to practical problems must be exercised with caution due to uncertainties associated with system parameters such as and Eni in Eq. (22.12), and time delays and spatial distribution parameters bk in Eq. (22.13). The intrinsic complexities in combustor flows prohibit precise estimates of those parameters without considerable errors, except for some simple well-defined configurations. Furthermore, the model may not accommodate all the essential processes involved because of the physical assumptions and mathematical approximations employed. These model and parameter uncertainties must be carefully treated in the development of a robust controller. To this end, the system dynamics equations, Eqs. (22.12)-(22.14), are extended to include uncertainties, and can be represented with the following state-space model ... 

U. Maas and S.B. Pope. Implementation of Simplified Chemical Kinetics Based on Intrinsic Low-Dimensional Manifolds. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24 103-112,1992. 

It is evident that the susceptibility of fuels to surface ignition must be related to the intrinsic ease of ignition of the fuel by hot surfaces and to the effect of the combustion of the fuel on the temperature and nature of the igniting surfaces. 

This reaction represents a conversion of two noxious combustion effluents into relatively innocuous and inert products, and at the same time, possesses great intrinsic interest because of the extensive bond reorganizations that take place including the transfer of an oxygen atom. 

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