Error considerations

Estimating the absolute precision of exposure ages and erosion rates deduced from cosmogenic nuclide studies is not easy. As detailed in the above sections, there are various factors controlling production rates even for the case of simple exposure histories, only some of which can be assessed in a strictly quantitative sense. The most important of these contributions are compiled in Table 5. For example, these data show 

Error source Typical individual Contribution to Remarks 

Long-term solar activity + 400 MeV 10% time-integrated at high 

Though uncertainties resulting from cosmogenic nuclide studies may thus seem rather high when all error sources are considered, the unique possibilities of this method must be borne in mind (see Application examples). In many cases other techniques rely on much weaker assumptions or provide no quantitative answers at all. Furthermore, many error sources (e.g., those connected with production rate scaling) will certainly become considerably smaller in near future. 

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When the pulsation amplitude is such as to result in a greater-than-permissible metering error, consideration should be given to installation of a pulsation damper between the source of pulsations and the flowmeter. References to methods of pulsation-damper design are given in the subsection Unsteady-State Behavior. ... 

Statistical Prediction Errors The statistical prediction errors are plotted in Figure 5.60. The maximum from the model validation is indicated by a horizontal line. There are a few samples above tliis maximum and one sample (54) that has an error considerably larger than tlie rest. The measurement residuals for these samples will be investigated further. 

B. Choice of System Operating Pressure Based ON Error Considerations... 

Electrothermal AAS (ETAAS), although being sensitive, cannot be applied in a continuous (on-line) mode and is not generally used in speciation analysis since the necessary manipulations caused by the off-line character of the method may increase the risks of errors considerably. Whenever applied, the precautions for the measurement are the same as for inorganic analysis the choice of the matrix modifier, the temperature programme, etc., should follow the same rules as for the determination of the element content. 

Development of optimum sizes for tanks and dikes comes through trial and error. Considerations include the availabiliw of real estate, the po.ssible use of standard-sized tanks for. smaller capacities, and the nature of potential foundation design problems caused by early tank-size seleaions. The de.signer should refer to API 12F for standardized shop-fabricated tank sizes. Larger field-fabricated storage tanks must be sized to suit each site. 

PVT Absolute volume Crude oil Experimental error considerable... 

The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of a method is also given as a quantity of substance or concentration in the substance domain. This limit incorporates the calibration and thus also the uncertainty (error consideration) of the measurements (Ebel and Kamm 1983). Unlike the LOD it is guaranteed statistically and gives the lower limiting concentration which can be unambiguously determined quantitatively. It can differ significantly from the blank value (Montag, 1982 ISO 11843,1997). 

The orthogonal collocation method is more accurate than either the finite difference method or the collocation method. The choice of collocation points at the roots of the orthogonal polynomials reduces the error considerably. In fact, instead of the user choosing the collocation points, the method locates them automatically so that tlie best accuracy is achieved. 

If the dividend is longer than the divisor, it is only necessary to use so many figures of it that the last figure involves an error considerably less than the error in the divisor. Thus, 4 52346 -7- 2 164, Here the apparent error in the divisor is 5 in 20,000. If we took the dividend as 4 523, the apparent error would be about 5 in 50,000, or about half the error in the divisor. We shall therefore use one figure more, and round off the number to 4 5235. We then obtain—... 

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