Broccoli sprouts

SHAPIRO T A, FAHEY J w, WADE K L, STEPHENSON K K and TALALAY p (2001) Chemoprotective glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of broccoli sprouts metabolism and excretion in humans . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 10 501-8. 

YE L, DINKOVA-KOSTOVA A T, WADE K L, ZHANG Y, SHAPIRO T A and TALALAY P (2002) Quantitative determination of dithiocarbamates in human plasma, serum, erythrocytes and urine pharmacokinetics of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates in humans , Clin ChimActa, 316 43-53. 

Carlson DG, Daxenbichler ME, Van Etten CH, et al. 1987. Glucosinolates in Cruciferous vegetables broccoli, sprouts, cauliflower, collards, kale, mustard greens, and kohlrabi. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 112(1) 173-178. 

Tian Q, Rosselot RA, Schwartz SJ (2005) Quantitative determination of intact glucosinolates in broccoli, broccoli sprouts, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower by high-performance hquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 343 93-99... 

Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. (1997) Broccoli sprouts An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 10367-10372. 

Results of the second experiment (Table 3) show that Se-enriched broccoli sprouts have properties similar to enriched broccoli florets that contain SeMSC as the predominant form of Se (13). Consumption of Se from high-Se broccoli sprouts, as compared to Se from selenite, resulted in a significant decrease in the number of aberrant crypts. Additional experimentation is needed to determine whether the decrease in carcinogenesis is a result primarily of the presence of SeMSC, and if there is a correlation between SeMSC content in enriched plants and the reduction of carcinogenesis. If such a correlation is established, then the SeMSC content of various enriched plants could be used to screen for the greatest efficacy in tumor reduction. Se-enriched broccoli appears to be similar to enriched broccoli florets, for which the predominant form of selenium was also shown to be SeMSC (13). 

The present results also point to differences between the mammary tumor model and the ACT model for evaluating the potential cancer protective effects of Se in broccoli. A previous study (17) showed that high-Se broccoli florets decreased the number of DMH-induced ACT. Similarly, in the present study high-Se broccoli sprouts decreased DMH-induced ACT, but low-Se broccoli sprouts alone did not have any effect (Table 3). In the mammary tumor model, however, broccoli alone, similar to garlic alone (3), reduced the number of tumors (Table 1). This contrasting effect could be the result of a difference between tumor and preneoplastic lesion models, a difference between carcinogens, or a difference between mammary and colonic tissues. 

Nestle M (1997) Broccoli sprouts as inducers of carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme systems Clinical, dietary, and policy implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 11 149-11 151. 

Brassicas, or cruciferous vegetables, are members of the mustard/cabbage family of plants (broccoli, broccoli sprouts, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, bok choy, turnip greens, etc.). They contain chemical compounds known as indoles, which have clearly been shown to have anticancer activity as well as antibacterial, antiulcer, and antiasthmatic qualities. 

Table 2 Glucosinolate Profile in Mature Broccoli (cpSaga) and 3-Day-Old Broccoli Sprouts...

Glucoiberin, the glucosinolate presursor of iberin, had the same retention time as glucoraphanin in HPLC analysis hence, there might be a small amount of glucoiberin in both mature broccoli and broccoli sprouts. 

Pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted in human volunteers who received single doses of 200 pmol of ITCs contained in the extract of 3-day old broccoli sprouts, cv DeCicco (containing no intact glucosinolates) [33, 62]. The precise content of... 

Broccoli sprouts appear to be an excellent source of glucoraphanin/SF. Standard methods that have been developed for selecting the seeds, growing the sprouts, and analyzing the content of glucosinolates/ITCs [12, 29, 79, 80] hold out the possibility of sprouts with well-defined glucoraphanin/sulforaphane content being made available to the public. 

Dinkova-Kostova AT, Fahey JW, Wade KL, Jenkins SN, Shapiro TA, Fuchs EJ, Kerns ML, Talalay P (2007) Induction of the phase 2 response in mouse and human skin by sutfinaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 847—851 Dinkova-Kostova AT, Massiah MA, Bozak RE, Hicks RJ, Talalay P. 2001. Potency of Michael reaction acceptors as inducers of enzymes that protect against carcinogenesis depends on their reactivity with sulfhydryl groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(6) 3404-3409. 

FAHEY, J.W., ZHANG, Y., TALALAY, P., Broccoli sprouts An exceptionally rich... 

Coingestion of a myrosinase source with GLSs has been reported to increase ITC bioavailability (Cramer and Jeffery 2011). In the last decade, many different broccoli supplements have become available on the market but these supplements often do not contain active myrosinase, and therefore will likely not produce an equivalent amount of bioavailable ITCs. Cramer and Jeffery (2011) performed a study to determine if there is a difference in the bioavailability of ITCs between a whole food source and a supplement source. They demonstrate that bioavailability of ITCs was considerably lower when subjects consiune broccoli supplements compared to fresh broccoli sprouts. The consumption of broccoli supplements devoid of myrosinase activity does not produce equivalent plasma concentrations of the bioactive ITC metabolites compared to broccoli sprouts. 

Clarke, J.D., Hsu, A., Riedl, K., Bella, D., Schwartz, S. J., Stevens, J.F., and Ho, E. 2011. Bioavailability and inter-conversion of sulforaphane and emcin in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement in a cross-over study design. Pharmacological Research, 64(5), 456-63. doi 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.07.005. 

Cramer, J.M. and Jeffery, E.H. 2011. Sulforaphane absorption and excretion following ingestion of a semi-purified broccoli powder rich in glucoraphanin and broccoli sprouts in healthy men. Nutrition and Cancer, 63(2), 196-201. doi 10.1080/01635581.2011.523495. 

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