Collection System Methodologies

The facilities engineer must consider the materials used to construct the wetted parts of the unit operations used to treat the waste. The goal is to select a cost-effective material that will not degrade in the presence of the waste stream to be treated. In general, the most commonly used materials of construction for the unit operations are 316or316L stainless steel. However, if chlorides, fluorides, and other halogens are present in the CMP chemistry, it may be necessary to consider nickel, titanium, Hastelloy, or other high-performance metals. 

There are a wide variety of materials available for use with CMP waste treatment systems. The challenge is to match the proper materials with the CMP chemistry with a proper financial and technical analysis. Due diligence performed in the short term will prevent increased operating expenditures in the long term. 

Additional considerations must be given to the potential for creating precipitation by-products if the CMP waste stream is mixed with other chemistries used in the manufacturing process that could accidentally be placed in the segregated drain. For example, if the CMP waste stream contains fluoride and city water is used to flush the piping system, then the calcium in the city water could react with the fluoride to produce a scale on the pipe, thus reducing the flow capacity of the pipe. Once precipitation starts, it will always be present since all seed crystals cannot be 100% eliminated from hundreds of feet of piping. 

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Information on collection, one of the most costly functional elements, is presented in four parts deahng with (1) the types of collection services, (2) the types of collection systems, (3) an analysis of collection systems, and (4) the general methodology involved in setting up col-lec tion routes. 

This chapter focuses on two main subjects. It will first deal with knowledge and methodologies of good practice in the study of chemical and microbial processes in wastewater collection systems. The information on such processes is provided by investigations, measurements and analyses performed at bench, pilot and field scale. Second, it is the objective to establish the theoretical basis for determination of parameters to be used for calibration and validation of sewer process models. These main objectives of the chapter are integrated sampling, pilot-scale and field measurements and laboratory studies and analyses are needed to determine wastewater characteristics, including those kinetic and stoichiometric parameters that are used in models for simulation of the site-specific sewer processes. 

Development of Air Sampling Methodology. Several collection systems for isolating TRIS from ambient air were investigated. 

In this section we outline key factors and trends that are shaping collection systems that feed networks of processors for remanufacturing and recycling. Then we review the literature and supporting methodology. 

The IAEA has completed a Co-ordinated Research Programme on Data Acquisition for Research Reactors PSA Studies with the objectives of developing a data collection system for research reactors and of generating research reactor specific reliability data for use in PSAs. Although the system is oriented to specific component failure data, the methodology can be useful for ageing related data collection [9]. 

A six-step methodology is suggested for the barrier evaluation. It describes the process for collection, systemization, visualization and evaluation of safety information related to rig move operations. The main activities were the document reviews and meetings with operational personnel of the company under study. Clarification of the system limits and a correct interpretation of rig move operations were important initial activities to ensure an appropriate basis for the barrier evaluation. Main input to the evaluation was requirements, procedures and reports covering relevant incidents and accidents as well as the operational knowledge of the involved experts. 

The basis for collection philosophy of a flare system is based upon an economic evaluation. The methodology is outlined in the next subsection. 

The book begins with a discussion of the theories of error causation and then goes on to describe the various ways in which data can be collected, analyzed, and used to reduce the potential for error. Case studies are used to teach the methodology of error reduction in specific industry operations. Finally, the book concludes with a plan for a plant error reduction program and a discussion of how human factors principles impact on the process safety management system. 

Complex manufacturing systems, such as an unbleached Kraft pulp plant (Fig. 9), are almost always characterized by some type of internal structure, composed of a number of interconnected subsystems with their own data collection and decisionmaking responsibilities. This raises a number of additional issues, not addressed in previous sections. For instance, if the learning methodology described in Section VI is applied to the digester module of a pulp plant (Fig. 9), it is possible for the final selected solution, to include ranges of desired values of sulfidity... 

P.G. Raeth, Expert systems a software methodology for modern applications. IEEE Computer Society Press Reprint Collection, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 1990. 

Recently, Hologic, Inc. developed a fully automated cell block system, Cellient system (Bedford, MA), expecting to improve capture, presentation, consistency, and efficiency of cell block preparation. This system is built on ThinPrep technology with vacuum-assisted filtration to maximize cell collection. The cell block can be produced in less than an hour.39 However, the biggest concern of this methodology is the fixation issue. Cellient system adopts alcohol instead of formalin for fixation, which unfortunately creates problems for ICC analysis. 

The number of water molecules per lipid molecule is 29.1 when the equilibrium (centre to centre) distance (swelling limit) between bilayers is 6.72 nm. These data serve also as an accurate test for MD methodology (including the force field). Rand and Parsegian have collected accurate structural parameters for many other lipid systems [57]. 

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