Cola species

More traditional soiuces include Ilex and Paullinia speeies valned by the indigenous people of South American, whereas Cola spp. are an important social drag for West African peoples 68). Kola nuts have also played an important role in western Africa as a valuable commodity. The Yoraba farmers of western Nigeria recognize at least foiu kinds of kola nuts, which probably belong to three different Cola species (C. acuminata, C. nitida and C. verticillatd) 3). 

Methylxanthines and methyluric acids are secondary plant metabolites derived from purine nucleotides (Figure 6.59). The most well-known methylxanthines are caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), which occur in tea (Camellia sinensis. Camellia ptilophylla, and Camellia taliensis) [242,243], coffee (Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora) [244, 245], cacao (Theobroma cacao) [246], and a number of other nonalcoholic beverages of plant origin Ilex paraguariensis, Paullinia cupana. Cola species and Citrus species [247-249]... 

In cola drinks (such as Coca Cola andPepsi-Cola),part of caffeine usually comes from the nuts of some cola species Cola acuminata and C. nitida, Malvaceae), where the caffeine content is 1.5-2.5%. The rest is supplemented by caffeine from other sources (it is mainly obtained in the production of decaffeinated coffee). The caffeine content in soft drinks is generally in the range of 50-250 mg/1. 

Source Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott et Endl. (syn. Sterculia acuminata Beauv.), C. nitida (Vent.) Schott et Endl., and other Cola species (Family Sterculiaceae). 

Parallel results were obtained by UV-Vis DRS spectra (not reported).Calcined Co4.6AgO.2AF showed (i) absorptions at 444 and 520 nm, assigned to Colb and Cola sites, respectively, (ii) a band around 660 nm due to tetrahedral Co2+ ions in Co2a sites, (iii) the absence of bands due to Ag reduced clusters. After catalytic tests two absorptions below 400 nm and above 700 nm, ascribed to Co oxides species, arose and bands at 583 and 650 nm increased, indicating the migration of Co2+ ions to tetrahedral sites (Ciambelli et al., 2001). 

Figure 8.10—Electrophoretic separation of three species a, h and c. in this example, the electro-osmotic flow moving towards the cathode carries all charged and neutral species. Negatively charged species, although attracted towards the positive pole (or anode) cannot overcome the electro-osmotic flow and thus move towards the cathode. Separation of caffeine (c) from aspartame (a-) and benzoate (b ) in a Diet Cola sample. The presentation of data is in the form of a 3-D electrophoregram. (Reproduced by permission of TSP.)...

Cola, or kola, is the dried cotyledon from seeds of various species of Cola (Sterculiaceae), e.g. C. nitida and C. acuminata, trees cultivated principally in West Africa and the West Indies. Seeds are prepared by splitting them open and drying. Cola seeds contain up to 3% caffeine... 

Beer, P. D. Wheeler, J. W. Moore, C. New approaches to anion coordination chemistry. Acyclic quaternary polybipyridinium receptors designed to bind anionic guest species, in Supramolecular Chemistry, Balzani, V. De Cola, L., Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers Netherlands 1992, 105-118. 

Methyl derivatives of xanthine (2,3-dioxypurine) namely caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine), theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) (Section 1, Appendix) are variously found in plants used for stimulatory drinks such as Ilex paraguayensis (mate) (Aquifoliaceae), Coffea species (coffee) (Rubiaceae), Paullinia cupana (guarana) (Sapindaceae), Cola acuminata (cola) and Theabroma cacao (cocoa) (Sterculiaceae) and Camellia sinensis (tea) (Theaceae). These methylxanthines are variously active as inhibitors of... 

The slaves found great biodiversity in Brazil and set about deciphering same, to survive both physically and culturally. Adaptation to the new habitat and the new social conditions gave way to substitution of indispensable plants that were not found here [40]. When it was not possible to find these plants, the Black population developed strategies so that these species could be brought from Africa [40]. Species such as Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott Endl. (obi), Garcinia kola Heckel (orobo kola nut) and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (dende oil palm) were introduced in Brazil [41]. 

Derivation Seeds of Cola nitida or other species of Cola. 

Alumina A Normal-phase application—acidic polar phase Isolation of hydrophilic species in nonaqueous solution Low-capacity cation exchange Sugars and caffeine in cola beverages Additives in feeds... 

Figure 8.10 Electro-kinetic separation of three species a, and c. Left, The electro-osmotic flow carrying all of the charged or neutral species along with it, is directed towards the cathode. The negative species though attracted hy the positive pole cannot overcome the electro-osmotic flow and are therefore displaced towards the cathode. Right, separation of caffeine c and of the anions of aspartame a and of henzoate h from a sample of DIET COLA. Presentation in the form of a 3D electropherogram (reproduced courtesy of TSP).

Kola, Cola Soudan coffee Bjssy nuts gooroo nuts guru nuts. Dried cotyledons of Cola nitida Schott and End), or of other species of Cola, Sterculiaceae. Habit. West Africa naturalized in West Indies, India, Ceylon. Conslit. Abont 1.5% caffeine theobromine, kola-red, kolatm the... 

A natural product is a compound synthesized by a plant or an animal. Alkaloids are natural products that contain one or more nitrogen heteroatoms and are found in the leaves, bark, roots, or seeds of plants. Examples include caffeine (found in tea leaves, coffee beans, and cola nuts) and nicotine (found in tobacco leaves). Morphine is an alkaloid obtained from opium, the juice derived from a species of poppy. Morphine is 50 times stronger than aspirin as an analgesic, but it is addictive and suppresses respiration. Heroin is a synthetic compound that is made by acetylating morphine (Section 30.3). 

In isolated rat hearts, application of an aqueous extract of Cola nitida subsp. rubra increased the heart metabolic rate at concentrations of 4 to 8 mg/1, while the rate decreased to control levels at 10 mg/1. In hearts treated with Cola acuminata, the heart metabolic rate increased after treatment with 4 to 10 mg/1 with peak activity at 6 mg/1. Extracts of both species did not cause any change in heart metabolic rate after treatment with a concentration of 2 mg/1. Both extracts caused a dose-dependent increase followed by a decrease in heart rate (Chukwu et al. 2006). 

Caffeine is found in a number of botanically unrelated species, including Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), or tea. Cola nitida (Sterculaciaceae), or kola nut, and Paullinia cupana (Sapindaceae), or guarana. Caffeine is bound to chlorogenic acid in raw coffee beans, the roasting process liberating the caffeine and other compounds that contribute to the aroma of coffee (Samuelsson 1992). 

Regarding group 9, all the examples involve poly-NHC iridium(III) complexes two types of approaches in the use of di-NHC hgands in this context have been used so far. De Cola has synthesized homoleptic complexes of type 97 (Fig. 35) with a metalated CCC pincer di-NHC Hgand this species shows an emission quantum yield of 40% at 384 nm. Several other groups have instead used only one di-NHC coordinated as ancillary Hgand in bis(o-metalated-2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III) complexes of type 98. In these cases, the transition associated to the emission is mainly influenced by the phenylpyridine Hgand. 

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