Routes of delivery

Oral Dosage Forms. The advantages of oral dosage formulations have already been discussed. It appears that this route of delivery is preferred by physician, patients, and manufacturers alike. The relatively low cost of oral dosage forms makes them a... 

Possible noninvasive routes for delivery of proteins include nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, transdermal, ocular, oral, and pulmonary. For each route of delivery there are two potential barriers to absorption permeability and enzymatic barriers. All of the... 

P. L. Smith, D. A. Wall, C. Gochoco, and G. Wilson, Routes of delivery Case studies—(5) oral absorption of peptides and proteins, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, 8, 253 (1992). 

Patton, J. S., Platz, R. M., Routes of delivery case studies (2) Pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins for systemic action, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1992, 8, 179-196. 

Laube, B.L., Benedict, G.W., and Dobs, A.S. (1998). The lung as an alternative route of delivery for insulin in controlling postprandial glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Chest, 114, 1734-1739. 

The major expansion in this present volume concerns the subjects of proteomics and gene therapy, both of which offer so much promise for the future. Pulmonary administration is another likely route of delivery for the future and this is reviewed separately. Conventional wisdom suggests that proteins cannot be delivered orally but there is strong evidence suggesting that this is not always true and this is another exciting area that is reviewed here. The earlier review of vaccines has been expanded considerably since this is another area of current interest with potential for wider future application. 

The ideal, modified CD for use as an excipient should be safe for all routes of delivery, have high water solubility, chemical and metabolic stability, no pharmacological... 

De Boer, A.G., E.J. Van Hoogdalem, and D.D. Breimer. 1992. (D) Routes of delivery Case studies, (4) rate-controlled rectal peptide drug absorption enhancement. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 8 237. 

Richardson, J.L., and L. Ilium. 1992. Routes of delivery—Case studies. The vaginal route of peptide and protein drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 8 341. 

Those investigators primarily involved with one specific route of delivery will be able to learn of helpful concepts and find additional stimulation from reading the approaches others have used within and outside their own spheres of activity. Readers are likely to find the same enhancer tested for various administration routes and in diverse experimental models. By understanding the properties and behavior of the enhancers operating within such systems, they may well find the inspiration needed to develop appropriate enhancing delivery methods for new applications. 

Thus, the scheme of this book is to present a comprehensive review of the theory and methods for enhancing drug absorption through various routes of the human body. It is hoped that, by a process of cross-fertilization, investigators primarily involved with one specific route of delivery will find additional stimulation and helpful concepts applicable to their own area of expertise from a reading of the approaches other workers have used within their spheres of activity. Not every enhancement method ever tried, however speculative, for each route of delivery finds a place in the relevant section. We believe that the book presents the most interesting approaches operating at the time the authors prepared their contributions. 

Harris, D., Liaw, J., and Robinson, J. R. Routes of delivery Case studies (7) Ocular delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8 331—339, 1992. 

All drugs must be introduced into the body by some method, normally called the route of administration or route of delivery. The goal of a delivery method is to place a drug into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, a drug has access to all points in the body. Absorption is the process of a drug s movement from its site of administration to the bloodstream. 

Due to the lack of activity after oral administration for most peptides and proteins, administration by injection or infusion - that is, by intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), or intramuscular (IM) administration - is frequently the preferred route of delivery for these drug products. In addition, other non-oral administration pathways have been utilized, including nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, transder-mal, ocular, or pulmonary drug delivery. Some of these delivery pathways will be discussed in the following sections in the order of the increasing biopharmaceutic challenges to obtain adequate systemic exposure. 

The routes of delivery of rAAV in animal models have been largely based upon the specific needs dictated by the disease process to be treated. For example, rAAV-cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) vectors that have been developed for treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) were tested in New Zealand white rabbits and in rhesus macaques by the endobronchial route (Flotte et al., 1993 Afione et al., 1996 Conrad et al., 1996). In each instance aliquots of vector were instilled directly into the lumen of a bronchus through a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Vector DNA transfer and mRNA expression were detectable (albeit at low levels) for more than 6 months in each instance, without any indication of inflammation or any other toxicity. Studies in rhesus monkeys also indicated that the likelihood of rescue of rAAV by concomitant wild-type AAV and adenovirus infection was low. These studies... 

Al-Ghananeem AM, Malkawi AH, Crooks PA (2007) Scopolamine sublingual spray an alternative route of delivery for the treatment of motion sickness. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33 577-582... 

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