Bone marrow cell differentiation

Kajstura J, Rota M, Whang B, Cascapera S, Hosoda T, Bearzi C, Nurzynska D, Kasahara H, Zias E, Bonafe N, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D, Nascimbene A, Quaini E, Urbanek K, Leri A, Anvera P. Bone marrow cells differentiate in cardiac cell lineages after infarction independently of cell fusion. Circ Res 2005 96 127-137. 

Potential Implications of HSCs. Studies on bone marrow cells differentiating into nonhematopoietic lineages have proposed that the cells are a representa-tive source of cell replacement in the treatment of numerous diseases. To amplify and generalize this issue for clinical translation, we should accumulate the useful processes of regeneration of blood formation by HSCs [36], skin replacement by putative epidermal stem cells [87], and the benefits reported in treating patients with myocardial infarction with bone marrow cells, mobilized peripheral HSCs, or hematopoietic progenitors [88, 89]. 

There are undifferentiated stem cells of the blood elements in the bone marrow that differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, (red blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets), and white blood cells (leukocytes and lymphocytes). The production of erythrocytes is regulated by a hormone, erythropoietin (see the section on kidney toxicity), that is synthetized and excreted by the kidney. An increase in the number of premature erythrocytes is an indication of stimulation of erythropoiesis, i.e., increased production of erythrocytes in anemia due to continuous bleeding. 

Castro, R. F., Jackson, K. A., Goodell, M. A, Robertson, C. S., Liu, H. and Shine, H. D. Failure of bone marrow cells to trans-differentiate into neural cells in vivo. Science 297 1299,2002. 

Corti, S., Locatelli, F., Donadoni, C. et al. Neuroectodermal and microglial differentiation of bone marrow cells in the mouse spinal cord and sensory ganglia. /. Neurosci. Res. 70 721-733,2003. 

Mouse bone marrow cells were treated with GM-CSF for 7 days to induce differentiation into dendritic cells. Cells were either unstimulated or stimulated with (1 jig/ml) LPS and treated with 0 or 200 (jg/ml Panax notoginseng (NotoG) for 24 hours. Alternatively, BMDC were pre-treated with NotoG (0 or 200pg/ml) for 24 hours and incubated with acetylated-LDL for 1.5 hours. 

Figure 2.3. Maturation of bone marrow cells. Stem cells have the capacity for self-renewal, but also differentiate into more mature cell types. As the cells become more mature, their ability to proliferate declines and their number in the marrow increases.

IL-3 Tcell Bone marrow cells Growth/differentiation of all cell types... 

Weiss, D.J. (2001) Use of monoclonal antibodies to refine flow cytometric differential cell counting of canine bone marrow cells. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1273—1278. 

Figure 6.1. The pathways used and hematopoietic growth factors required by pluripotient stem cells in bone marrow to differentiate and deveiop into distinct type of biood ceiis. The abbreviations of hematopoietic growth factors are found in Tabie 6.1.

IgG or IgA production then occurs. In the bone marrow further differentiation into plasma cells occurs under the influence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other adhesion molecules (B6). 

Hematopoiesis Determine if the disruption of the gene has affected blood cell development. As an initial approach, the bone marrow cells are analyzed from both femur bones. Femurs are harvested and the bone marrow cavity is washed with saline and the retrieved leukocytes are counted and stained for differential analysis. 

Benzene, administered intraperitoneally at 600 mg/kg in com oil, 2 times per day for 2 days to male C57BL/6J mice, caused a significant depression in the total number of nucleated bone marrow cells per femur, when measured on day 3 (Niculescu and Kalf 1995). Additional experiments with 7-day exposure revealed that there was an initial depression in erythroid cells on day 3 which remained constant lymphocytes exhibited a progressively depressive effect, and the numbers of intermediate and terminally differentiated granulocytes exhibited a progressive increase over the 7 days of exposure. Upon cessation of the benzene treatment, the bone marrow appeared to begin recovery, with the number of nucleated cells equal to control animals by day 7 after treatment ended. Concomitant administration of IL-la prevented the decrease in nucleated bone marrow cells, whereas IL-la administered after 2 days of benzene exposure significantly increased the rate of recovery of bone marrow cellularity. 

Ciranni R, Barale R, Adler ID. 1991. Dose-related clastogenic effects induced by benzene in bone marrow cells and in differentiating spermatogonia of Swiss CD1 mice. Mutagenesis 6(5) 417-421. 

Q10 Adult red blood cells are produced by the bone marrow at the ends of long bones and in the pelvis, skull, ribs and sternum. In response to severe anaemia the active bone marrow in the long bones becomes more extensive. Normally, the total number of circulating red blood cells is maintained constant. Production is stimulated by the glycoprotein erythropoietin (EP), which is mainly produced by the endothelial cells of the kidney. EP production is stimulated by hypoxia and a decrease in haemoglobin concentration. EP stimulates the stem cells in bone marrow to differentiate into mature erythrocytes. 

MIC caused dose-dependent necrosis of brain cells and muscle cells (Anderson et al, 1988) of rats in culture these findings could explain neuromuscular complaints in Bhopal victims. Exposure of mice to 1-3 ppm MIC was found to inhibit erythroid precursors, pluripotent stem cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor recovery from this inhibitory effect was found within 3 weeks after 1 ppm but not after 3 ppm (Hong et al, 1987). At higher concentrations of 6-15 ppm, MIC inhibited cell cycling in bone marrow, alveolar cells, and T lymphocytes (Conner et al., 1987 Shelby et al, 1987) similar data were reported by others (Tice et al, 1987 Mason et al, 1987). MIC can inhibit bone marrow cell proliferation in mice (Meshram and Rao, 1988). MIC can cause necrosis in whole-brain cell cultures (Anderson et al, 1990) and inhibit differentiation in muscle cell cultures (Anderson et al, 1988). 

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