Plasma carotenoids

FAULKS R M, HART D J, SCOTT K J and SOUTHON s (1998) Changes in plasma carotenoid and vitamin E profile during supplementation with oil palm fruit carotenoids. J Lab Clin Med 132(6) 507-11. 

Health benefits of carotenoids are related to their bioavailability and thus then-absorption. Plasma concentration is considered a good biomarker of fruit and vegetable consumption. Table 3.1.1 shows plasma carotenoid levels in EPIC study subjects from 16 European locations. EPIC was the first large cross-sectional study analyzing plasma carotenoid levels in several European populations. ... 

Mean Plasma Carotenoid Levels (timol/l) in EPIC Study Subjects from... 

Hak, A.E. et al.. Prospective study of plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke, 35, 1584, 2004. 

Micozzi, M.S. et al.. Plasma carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and (3-carotene supplements in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 1120, 1992. 

Wang, W, Connor, SL, Johnson, EJ, Klein, ML, Hughes, S, and Connor, WE, 2007. Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 762-769. 

McGraw, K. J., Gregory, A. J., Parker, R. S., and Adkins-Regan, E. 2003. Diet, plasma carotenoids, and sexual coloration in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Auk 120 400-410. 

Wise JA, Morin RJ, Sanderson R and Blum K. (1996). Changes in plasma carotenoid, alpha-tocopherol, and lipid peroxide levels in response to supplementation with concentrated fruit and vegetable extracts a pilot study. Curr Ther Res 57(6) 445 t61. 

T.W. Knight and A.F. Death, Effects of oral and injected vitamin A (retinol) supplements on liver vitamin A and plasma carotenoid and cholesterol concentrations in cattle. Animal Sci. 69 (1999) 607-612. 

Forman, M.R., Beecher, G.R., Muesing, R., Lanza, E., Olson, B., Campbell, W.S., McAdam, P., Raymond, E., Schulman, J.D., and Graubard, B.I. 1996. The fluctuation of plasma carotenoid concentrations by phase of menstrual cycle A controlled diet study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64,... 

Hammond, B.R., Curran-Celentano, J., Judd, S., Fuld, K., Krinsky, N.I., Wooten, B.R., and Snodderly, D.M. Sex differences in macular pigment optical density Relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns, Vision Res., 36(13), 2001-2012, 1996. 

Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, et al. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherol and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians, Circulation 2003 108 802-807,... 

Svilaas A, Sakhi AK, Frost Andersen L, et al. Intakes of antioxidant in coffee, wine, and vegetables are correlated with plasma carotenoids in humans. J Nutr 2004 134 562-567. 

Caroteneinplasma is mainly inlipoproteins thus, as with vitamin E (Section 4.5), measurements of plasma concentrations of carotene should be related to either cholesterol or total plasma lipids. Only 10% to 20% of total plasma carotenoids is /S -carotene, with a very wide range of individual variation. There are no reliable determinations of /S - carotene or total provitamin A carotenoids... 

A concern has been raised that phytosterol doses that are effective for cholesterol reduction may impair the absorption and lower blood concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. A number of studies showed that phytosterols had no effect on plasma concentrations of vitamin D, retinol, or plasma-lipid-standardized alpha-tocopherol. Moreover, the reports of the effect of phytosterols on concentrations of blood carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, and alpha-carotene) are controversial. There seems to be general agreement that phytosterol doses >1 g/d significantly decrease LDL-C standardized beta-carotene concentrations however, it remains to be determined whether a reported 15-20% reduction in beta-carotene due to phytosterol supplementation is associated with adverse health effects. Noakes et al. found that consumption of one or more carotenoid-rich vegetable or fruit servings a day was sufficient to prevent lowering of plasma carotenoid concentrations in 46 subjects with hypercholesterolemia treated with 2.3 g of either sterol or stanol esters. 

Brown, E.D. et al.. Plasma carotenoids in normal men after a single ingestion of vegetables or purified P-carotene, Am. J. Clin. Nutri., 49, 1258, 1989. 

Urine and plasma Carotenoids Ethyl acetate/methanol + HPLC... 

The lycopene concentrations in blood samples vary considerably between countries (Table 2) this largely reflects the habit of tomato product consumption rather than the more general intake of fruit and vegetables [22]. In some western populations, (i.e., United States, southern Europe, and UK) lycopene and (l-caro-tene are the predominant carotenoids found in plasma levels may be quite high, for example, up to 0.8 or even 1.7 pmol/L in U.S. children, a result of their frequent intake of tomato juice, ketchup, pizza, and spaghetti sauce [23]. Vegetarians usually exhibit higher plasma lycopene concentrations [22, 24]. In Asian countries such as Japan or China, where consumption of tomato-based foods is rare, plasma levels are comparatively low, i.e., 0.3 pmol/L. In China, lutein has been found to be the dominant plasma carotenoid (Fig. 2). In humans,... 

Figure 2 Plasma carotenoid concentrations in a population of smokers and nonsmokers in Shanghai. (Adapted from Ref. 25.)...

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