Clean seed

While insect control is more often a limiting factor in tropical bean production, there are several diseases that are serious in certain seasons and locations. Bean rust is one of the most widespread diseases, and it can be controlled effectively with protective fungicides, such as elemental sulfur and certain of the carbamic acid derivatives. The economics of bean production usually preclude any costly applications, however, and the problem has generally been turned over to the plant breeder to solve with resistant varieties. At present, the most practical control of bean anthracnose and the bean blights is through the use of clean seed and resistant varieties. Control with fungicides has always proved difficult and of doubtful value. 

Raw seed cotton was collected from the trailer or from the module at gins located in all major U.S.A. growing regions. Corresponding cleaned seed cotton samples were collected at the gin stand feeder (seed cotton at feeder) and after two stages of lint cleaning (raw lint). 

Specific conductive silicon substrates have to be carefully prepared before use. For the diamond-deposition process, substrates have to be cleaned, seeded with diamond nanocrystalline seeds at high surface density, and then coated with a grown thick diamond film (from less than 1 pm up to several p,m) by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HF-CVD). At Adamant, deposition processes are performed automatically in programmable controlled process units, which allow growing diamond on scale up to 0.5 m2. The process is performed under low pressure (1 < 0.1 bar) and high temperature (filament temperature 2,500°C and substrate temperature 800-1,000°C) with a gas mixture composed of CH4, H2 (CH4/H2 ratio <1%), and a boron source (typically trimethyl boron). 

Hot water treatments are effective in producing clean seed and planting materials. Seed and vegetative propagation materials (such as roots, bulbs, corms, and tubers) may be treated before planting to eliminate some fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. 

Pathogen-Free Seed Stock—Production of clean seed stock is important in reducing plant disease spread. Often, seeds are grown in arid areas where the amount of moisture is controlled by an irrigation system. This... 

The best way to avoid problems with parasitic plants is to buy clean seeds and plants from reputable companies. 

Choose clean seeds. Several kinds of disease organisms, including those that cause an-thracnose and bacterial blight,.can overwinter on seeds. Buy seeds from reputable companies to minimize your chances of getting infected seed. If you choose to save home-grown seed, save seed only from healthy plants and pods, and store the seeds in a cool, dry place. 

Prevention and Control Bacterial spot pathogens overwinter in infected plant parts and seeds, in the soil, or on contaminated tools and pots. Reduce the chances of disease by using clean seeds, rotating crops, and practicing good garden sanitation. Plant resistant cultivars. Preventive copper sprays can be helpful if bacterial spots have been a past problem. If possible, remove and destroy severely infected plants. 

Two varieties of red lentils in commercial production (CDC Impact and CDC Redberry) were chosen for this study. Both lentil varieties (2007 crop) were grown in Saskatchewan and transported to the University of Manitoba in polyethylene bags in January 2008. The Impact and Redberry varieties were purchased as cleaned seeds and thus were relatively free of foreign materials upon arrival and did not require further cleaning prior to use. 

Crop hygiene. It is particirlarly important to ensine that only clean seed is sown when using home-saved seed. Hand roguing can be a very effective method of preventing weeds becoming a problem in the first place. Avoidance of machinery contamination can also help to prevent weed increase, e.g. wild oats. 

With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean seed , free from vims. In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent, potato seed may have to be bonght each year. Under the Seed Certification Scheme it is mandatoiy to have the field inspected and the seed vims tested. 

No chemical control. Ensure use only clean seed. Have any home saved seed tested. Include non-susceptible crops in rotation such as wheat and barley. Ensure wild oats are controlled as also host to the nematodes. 

Cleaning. Seeds are cleaned to remove any leaves, twigs, bolls, or dirt. 

Delinting. The cleaned seeds are conveyed to the lint room where the short fibers, known as linters, are removed. The delinting machines use a series of circular saws designed to cut the short fibers. The linters are then collected and pressed into bales. Most mills run the seed through the delinting machine twice. 

Lodgepole pine seeds are relatively small compared to other species of pine. The number of cleaned seed per kg ranges between 200,000 and 300,000, depending on subspecies (Lotan and Perry, 1983). Seed weights vary considerably and increase from north to south. The number of cleaned seeds averaging 207,000 per kg for subsp. latifolia, 258,000 per kg for subsp. murrayana and 298,000 per kg for subsp. contorta (Critchfield, 1980). Filled seed per cone can range from 5 to 45, and averages around 20 (Critchfield, 1980). 

The occurrence of ergotism has declined as the diet has become more varied. Use of clean seed, crop rotation, cutting of wild grasses near the fields, deep planting, and selection of varieties in which all plants flower at the same time are cultural practices which have reduced infection in the field. A flotation method can be used to remove ergot from grain before milling. 

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