Classification of Preparations

The classification of preparations has to be done according to Dangerous Preparation Directive 1999/45/EC [3-2], the so-called Preparation Directive. The decision whether a product is a substance or a preparation is not trivial and in fact is sometimes quite difficult. For more information, see Section 1.2. 

A detailed description of the procedure would be very comprehensive and would need a book devoted to it. The main principles are discussed in the following chapter and can be used to distinguish a preparation from a substance without too much difficulty. 

In analogy to substances, two different principles exist for the classification of preparations  

For some dangerous properties, both principles can be used for others only one is allowed. 

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Assessment ofphase diagrams. Selection, designing and planning of materials are relevant subjects from a fundamental point of view but, of course, are also interrelated basic topics in material science and engineering. Study and classification of preparation methods and of constitutional and fundamental properties followed by an investigation of application and performance characteristics are essential aspects of such topics and procedures. 

Hazardous properties of substances or preparations are classified under Directive 67/548 as dangerous if exposure can result in a risk to human health or the environment [272], Classification of preparations depends on the hazardous properties and concentrations of its constituent ingredients according to Directive 99/45. This book... 

Table 3.2 Classification of preparation methods of ion exchange membranes... 

The conventional method is a pragmatic approach to determine the classification of preparations following the principles of the dilution rales. Additive and non-additive properties have to be distinguished. 

To determine the classification of preparations with respect to their health and environmental effects, the substance-specific or universal concentration limits have to be used ... 

DPD calculation rules ( conventional method ) for the classification of preparations UN GHS calculation methods (additivity, summation) deviating from the DPD calculation rules... 

Check the range of concentration - is the concentration range provided compatible with the concentration limits set for classification of preparations ... 

Starting from the classification of preparation processes a rough preliminary design is drafted indicating the position of production areas, their interrelationship and logistics. The relations between departments and premises, flow of goods and persons are plotted. This start document is preferably formulated by the one who will be responsible in future for the preparation processes. 

Classification of prepared unshaped dense and insulating refractory materials 1978 ... 

In many cases, the quality of a stream or another water source can be adequately improved by removing more BOD or suspended solids. In other iastances, the effluent is prepared for groundwater recharge which may require only the removal of nutrient. A classification of wastewater treatment processes is given ia Table 3. Table 4 summarizes water quality criteria for various iadustrial uses (10). 

Nitrogen forms binary compounds with almost all elements of the periodic table and for many elements several stoichiometries are observed, e.g. MnN, Mn Ns, Mn3N2, MniN, Mn4N and Mn tN (9.2 < jc < 25.3). Nitrides are frequently classified into 4 groups salt-like , covalent, diamond-like and metallic (or interstitial ). The remarks on p. 64 concerning the limitations of such classifications are relevant here. The two main methods of preparation are by direct reaction of the metal with Ni or NH3 (often at high temperatures) and the thermal decomposition of metal amides, e.g. ... 

An example is the classification scheme used by British Coal, and is common throughout the UK. The scheme divides coals into groups, generally as shown in Table 15.6. The group, grading and modes of preparation of a coal serve to indicate the usage for which the coal is suitable for application with industrial boilers. For grading of coal the nominal sizes are shown as follows ... 

The following classification and abbreviations are used in the Table. Methods of preparation (for details see Sections III and IV)... 

The chemical and physical properties of the polymers obtained by these alternate methods are identical, except insofar as they are affected by differences in molecular weight. In order to avoid the confusion which would result if classification of the products were to be based on the method of synthesis actually employed in each case, it has been proposed that the substance be referred to as a condensation polymer in such instances, irrespective of whether a condensation or an addition polymerization process was used in its preparation. The cyclic compound is after all a condensation product of one or more bifunctional compounds, and in this sense the linear polymer obtained from the cyclic intermediate can be regarded as the polymeric derivative of the bifunctional monomer(s). Furthermore, each of the polymers listed in Table III may be degraded to bifunctional monomers differing in composition from the structural unit, although such degradation of polyethylene oxide and the polythioether may be difficult. Apart from the demands of any particular definition, it is clearly desirable to include all of these substances among the condensation... 

Before proceeding further it is well to consider the term cement, for its definition can be the source of some confusion. Both the Oxford English Dictionary and Webster give two alternative definitions. One defines a cement as a paste, prepared by mixing a powder with water, that sets to a hard mass. In the other a cement is described as a bonding agent. These two definitions are quite different. The first leads to a classification of cements in terms of the setting process, while the second lays emphasis on a property. In this book the term cement follows the sense of the first of these definitions. 

Liposomes are formed due to the amphiphilic character of lipids which assemble into bilayers by the force of hydrophobic interaction. Similar assemblies of lipids form microspheres when neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, are dispersed with phospholipids. Liposomes are conventionally classified into three groups by their morphology, i.e., multilamellar vesicle (MLV), small unilamellar vesicle (SUV), and large unilamellar vesicle (LUV). This classification of liposomes is useful when liposomes are used as models for biomembranes. However, when liposomes are used as capsules for drugs, size and homogeneity of the liposomes are more important than the number of lamellars in a liposome. Therefore, "sized" liposomes are preferred. These are prepared by extrusion through a polycarbonate... 

In one study by Hood et al., 282 of 1153 identified proteins were identified by at least 2 unique tryptic peptides from FFPE prostate cancer (PCa) tissue.9 According to the gene ontology classification of the proteins identified, -65% of proteins were predicted to be intracellular proteins, while -50% of the total human proteome is predicted to be located in the intracellular compartment. Additionally, 20% of the proteins identified in the PCa tissue were classified as membrane proteins, which is significantly less than the predicted 40% for the human proteome. This relative disparity is not unexpected, considering the Liquid Tissue sample preparation kit lacks specific protocols for membrane protein extraction. The Liquid Tissue method has also been used for proteomics studies of a variety of FFPE tissue samples, including pancreatic tumors,28 squamous cell carcinoma,4 and oral human papillomavirus lesions.27... 

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