Chromatography packings

Heitz et al. (33) also described the preparation of polyvinyl acetate cross-linked with butanediol divinyl ether. The polymer is the base of the Merckogel series of size exclusion chromatography packings, and its hydrolyzed derivative, polyvinyl alcohol, is marketed as Fractogel and Toyopearls. 

Waters Assoeiates (1970). Chromatography Packings Components Instruments Services, pp. 53-55. 

Adamski, RP Anderson, JL, Configurational Effects on Polystyrene Rejection from Micro-porosou Membranes, Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics 25, 765, 1987. Adler, PM, Porous Media, Geometry and Transports Butterworth-Heinemann Boston, 1992. Afeyan, NB Fulton, SP Regnier, FE, Perfusion Chromatography Packing Materials for Proteins and Peptides, Journal of Chromatography 544, 267, 1991. 

Williams, R. C., Vasta-Russell, J. F., Glajch, J. L., and Golebiowski, K., Separation of proteins on a polymeric fluorocarbon high-performance liquid chromatography packing, /. Chromatogr., 371, 63, 1986. 

Pinkerton, T.C. (1991). High-performance liquid chromatography packing materials for the analysis of small molecules in biological matrices by direct injection. J. Chromatogr. 544, 13-23. 

Sander, L.C., Callis, J.B., and Field, L.R., Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of aUcyl chain conformation on chemically bonded reversed phase liquid chromatography packings, AnaZ. Chem.,55, 1068, 1983. 

In gel chromatography, the distribution coefficient K is little affected by the concentration of solutes, pH, ionic strength, and so on, and is considered to be constant. Therefore, the results obtained in. Section 11.6.2 for constant K can be applied to evaluate the performance of gel chromatography. Figure 11.9 shows the increase in Hs with the liquid velocity in gel chromatography packed with gel particles of 44 pm diameter [4]. The values of Hs increase linearly with the velocity, and the slopes of the lines become steeper with an increase in molecular weights, as predicted by Equation 11.20. 

R.E. Majors, High-performance liquid chromatography packing materials, Amer. 

Lamb s group has adsorbed the hydrophobic crown ethers and cryptands shown in Fig 1 onto reversed phase chromatography packings for application to ion chromatography in the analysis of cations and anions. A brief introduction to ion chromatography (IC) is in order to lay the foundation for a description of this work. 

G.A. MacKay and G. D. Reed, Application of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography, packed column supercritical fluid chromatography, and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of controlled drugs, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 14 531 (1991). 

Figure 1.5c illustrates the variation of the resolution with the plate number N. The square root function initially rises steeply from a value of zero at N= 0. The rate of increase in Vn becomes quickly less with increasing N. At N= 2500 Yn equals 50. A value of 100 is reached for JV= 10,000, and 200 for IV=40,000. These three values of N may be seen as typical for three different kinds of chromatography packed column GC, packed column LC and capillary column GC. Within the constraints of any of these techniques, another factor of 2 in resolution by increasing N by a factor of 4 will be hard to achieve. 

J. V. Dawkins, L. L. Lloyd, and F. P. Warner, Chromatographic characteristics of polymer-based high-performance liquid chromatography packings, J. Chromatogr. 352 (1986), 157-167. 

N. B. Afeyan, S.P. Fulton, F.E. Regnier, Perfusion chromatography packing materials for proteins and peptides, J. Chromatogr. A, 544 (1991) 267. 

Hirayama, C. Ihara, H. Nagaoka, S. Furusawa, H. Tsuruta, S. Regulation of pore-size distribution of poly-(y-methyl L-glutamate) spheres as a gel permeation chromatography packings. Polym. J. 1990, 22 (7), 614-619. 

Two general types of columns are encountered in gas chromatography packed columns and open tubular, or capillary columns. In the past, the vast majority of gas chromatographic analyses used packed columns. For most current applications, packed columns have been replaced by the more efficient and faster open tubular columns. 

Both packed columns and open tubular columns are used in supercritical fluid chromatography. Packed columns can provide more theoretical plates and can handle larger sample volumes than open tubular columns. Because of the low viscosity of supercritical media, columns can be much longer than those used in liquid chromatography, and column lengths of 10 to 20 m with inside diameters of 50 or 100 p,m are common. For difficult separations, columns 60 m in length or longer have... 

Majors, R. E. 1977. Recent advances in high performance liquid chromatography packings and columns, J. Chromatog. Sci., 15 334-351. 

Since membrane pore surface and the chromatography packing surface are both made out of the same polymer material, identical interfaclal forces have to govern both membrane transport and chromatography equilibrium. The only difference between the two systems is that in the latter case, there is no effect of solute movement (kinetic effect) on the retention volume data, and therefore the interfaclal force governing the chromatography equilibrium may be represented only by surface potential working on the solute, which may be expressed by a Lennard-Jones type equation. 

Verzele, M. and Dewaele, C. (1984). The Evaluation of Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Packing Materials. Chromatographia, 18,84. 

Figure 6.32 Characteristics of liquid chromatography packing particles.

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