Fourier transform infrared spectrometr

Brown, R. S., Hausler, D. W., Taylor, L. T., and Carter, R. C., Fourier transform infrared spectrometric detection in size-exclusion chromatographic separation of polar synfuel material, Anal. Chem., 53, 197, 1981. 

Sander, L.C., Callis, J.B., and Field, L.R., Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of aUcyl chain conformation on chemically bonded reversed phase liquid chromatography packings, AnaZ. Chem.,55, 1068, 1983. 

S. V. Olesik, S. B. French, and M. Novotny, Reaction Monitoring in Supercritical Fluids by Flow Injection Analysis with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Detection. Anal. Chem., 58 (1986) 2256. 

Perez-Ponce A., Rambla F. J., Garrigues J. M., Garrigues S., and de la Guardia M., Partial least-squares-Fourier transforms infrared spectrometric determination of methanol and ethanol by vapour-phase generation. The Analyst, 123, 1253-1258, 1998. 

Lopez-Anreus E, Garrigues S, and de la Guardia M (1998) Simultaneous vapour phase Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of butyl acetate, toluene, and methyl ethyl ketone in paint solvents. Analyst 123 1247-1252. 

Tantishaiyakul, V, N. Phadoongsombnt, S. Kamanng, S. Wongwisansri, and P. Mathurod. 1999. Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of paracetamol and ibu-profen in tablets. Pharmazie 54 111-117. 

Ludlow, M., Louden, D., Handley, A., Taylor, S., Wright, B., and Wilson, I.D., Size-exclusion chromatography with on-line ultraviolet, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometric detection and on-line collection for off-line Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, /. Chromatogr. A, 857,89,1999. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

The main spectrometric identification techniques employed are gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (13), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS(/MS)) (14), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (11), and/or gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FL1R) (15). Each of these spectrometric techniques provides a spectrum that is characteristic of a chemical. MS and NMR spectra provide (detailed) structural information (like a fingerprint ), whereas an FUR spectrum provides information on functional groups. 

The critical properties of detectors are sensitivity, selectivity and linearity of response, reproducibility, and reliability of operation. Spectrometric detectors, MS and Fourier transform infrared (FUR), are described in more detail in other sections. The following detectors are useful for the detection of CWC-related chemicals. 

In the case of an unknown chemical, or where resonance overlap occurs, it may be necessary to call upon the full arsenal of NMR methods. To confirm a heteronuclear coupling, the normal H NMR spectrum is compared with 1H 19F and/or XH 31 P NMR spectra. After this, and, in particular, where a strong background is present, the various 2-D NMR spectra are recorded. Homonuclear chemical shift correlation experiments such as COSY and TOCSY (or some of their variants) provide information on coupled protons, even networks of protons (1), while the inverse detected heteronuclear correlation experiments such as HMQC and HMQC/TOCSY provide similar information but only for protons coupling to heteronuclei, for example, the pairs 1H-31P and - C. Although interpretation of these data provides abundant information on the molecular structure, the results obtained with other analytical or spectrometric techniques must be taken into account as well. The various methods of MS and gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared (GC/FTIR) spectroscopy supply complementary information to fully resolve or confirm the structure. Unambiguous identification of an unknown chemical requires consistent results from all spectrometric techniques employed. 

Faniewski, K., Wannman, T., Hagman, G. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric, atomic emission and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic detection as complementary analytical techniques for the identification of unknown impurities in pharmaceutical analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 985, 275-282 (2003)... 

The apparatus used for IR microscopy is a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled on-line with an optical microscope. The microscope serves to observe the sample in white light at significant magnification for the purpose of determining its morphology, as well as to select the area for analysis. The spectrometer, on the other hand, enables study of the sample by transmission or reflection measurement for the purpose of determining the chemical composition. It also provides information about the microstructure and optical properties (orientation) of the sample. It is possible to apply polarised light both in the observation of the sample and in spectrometric measurements. 

A spectrometric application was performed by Lopez-Sanchez et al. (48), who applied hierarchical clustering with the Ward algorithm on attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra of toothpastes in order to establish different groups in the sample population. 

Specular reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, performed with the beam striking the sample at 45- from the surface normal, was also used for in situ studies of the catalytic reaction. This technique makes it possible to observe changes in the gasphase composition [4-5]. The broad band reflectivity of the overlayer can be used to obtain the composition of a thin oxide film [6], Infrared spectra have been obtained from polycrystalline samples and from Cu(llO). The former samples are akin to the ones used for mass spectrometric studies. Distinguished from those studies our FTIR work was performed with a reaction vessel at room temperature. The sample was in this case resistively heated by tantalum wires. This combination separates the gas temperature from the temperature of the catalyst. The temperature of the impinging molecules is a... 

Improvements in analytical capability for the analysis of complex pyrolysate mixtures have appeared during the last decade high-resolution capillary GC with more polar and selective stationary phases coated on inert fused-silica colmnns coupling of capillary GC with sensitive, selective, and lower-cost mass spectrometric detectors enhanced pyrolysis-MS techniques hyphenated analysis methods, including GC-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR) and tandem MS and better strategies for handling complex multidimensional pyrolysis data. The present chapter reviews the known chemotaxonomy of miCTOorganisms, summarizes practical considerations for the use of pyrolysis in microbial characterization, and critically discusses selected applications of analytical pyrolysis to microbial characterization. 

Bicchi, C., C. Frattini, G. Pellegrino, P. Rubiolo, V. Raverdino, and G. Tsoupras, 1992. Determination of sulphurated compounds in Tagetes patula cv. nana essential oil by gas chromatography with mass spectro-metric, Fourier transform infrared and atomic emission spectrometric detection, 609 ... 

Polyethylene glycols (PEG) are used as antistatic agents in polyethylene (PE) resins. PEG is a difficult additive to analyse. It cannot be extracted either quantitatively or reproducibly. A simple, rapid and reliable method is required for PEG in PE. Kumar [10] has described a direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometric approach for successfully determining low concentrations (<0.05% m/m) of Garbowax (PEG 400) in high-density polyethylene (HDPE). 

The narrow columns necessary in SFC make small injection and detector volumes necessary, but SFC is compatible with both GC and HPLC detectors. Coupling to spectrometric detectors such as those of mass, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and even NMR spectrometers can also be carried out. 

Instead of MS, other types of detection can be used in GC. The most widely used are thermal conductivity detection and flame ionization detection. In addition, various more specific types are available, e.g., electron-capture detection, thermionic detection, and flame photometric detection. A comparison of some characteristics is given in Table 3. On-line combinations with spectrometric detection, other than MS, are available, e.g., Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and atomic emission detection (AED). 

Although GC-MS is a powerful tool in solving many analytical problems, it is not the general solution to all problems. For several applications, the use of multidetection systems can be extremely useful. While multidetection systems containing both FID and MS are readily available, a more powerful multidetection system combines MS with another spectrometric detection system, e.g., Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) or atomic emission detection (AED). 

Spectrometric methods, especially mass sf>ectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FilR) have been used, often coupled with thermogravimetry. For molecules that are pwlar and of low molar mass, FTIR is particularly useful. For nonpwlar molecules and those of higher molar mass, MS is more adaptable. There are problems, however, in interfacing the thermal analysis instrument operating at atmospheric pressure to the MS operating imder vacuum. This is discussed in Topic F3. 

Identification of the venom constituents of Myrmicaria melanogaster (Emery), an ant species native to the island of Borneo and collected in the sultanate of Brunei Darussalam, was based mainly on various mass spectrometric techniques, and on vapor-phase gas chromatography—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Known alkaloids in the extract were also corroborated by spectroscopic or chromatographic comparison with... 

Two types of spectrometric detectors have been widely used in an in-line combination with GC-MS, i.e. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and atomic emission spectrometry (AED). Both FT-IR and AED are used in parallel with the MS, i.e. after a split. 

A basic knowledge of calorimetric and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrometric techniques, and of laboratory work, is required before starting with the experiments in solution. Gas-phase measurements of BF3 affinity and lithium cation basicity must be carried out by chemists experienced in gas/liquid calorimetric techniques and mass spectrometric techniques, respectively. 

Measurements. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements were performed by using C18 column with a Shimadzu LC-9A and SPD-6A (UV spectrophotometric detector). Gas chromatography (GC) measurements were performed by using a OV 101 colunm with Simadzu GC-7A with a flame ionization detector. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometric measurements were carried out by using a SII SPS1500VR plasma Spectrometer. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded on a JASCO FTIR-8100 Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL FX-90Q NMR spectrometer and homo J-resolved NMR spectra and homonuclear... 

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