Chondroitin applications

Through the combined approach of l.c. and the sequential applications of specific glycosaminoglycan-lyases, it is possible to determine the levels of several different glycosaminoglycans in the same tissue-sample. Thus, Gurr and coworkers demonstrated that hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate... 

Volpi, N. (2006). Advances in chondroitin sulfate analysis Application in physiological and pathological states of connective tissue, and during pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 12, 639-658. 

Yamada, S. and Sugahara, K. (2008). Potential therapeutic application of chondroitin sulfate/ dermatan sulfate. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 5, 289-301. 

Histochemical methods will not differentiate between the isomeric chondroitin sulfates, and identification with any degree of certainty requires isolation of the mucopolysaccharide. A method has been reported (M8) that differentiates mucopolysaccharides sulfated at C-6 from other sulfated mucopolysaccharides, and depends on application of the Mor-gan-Elson reaction to the oligosaccharides released by the action of testicular hyaluronidase. It is well known that substitution at C-6 does not interfere with the Morgan-Elson determination of A -acetylhexo-samines, whereas the chromogens are not formed in significant amount if C-4 is substituted. 

Many ionic poly(saccharides), such as heparin, chondroitin sulfates, dextran sulfate, and natural poly(saccharides), such as dextran, dextrin, pullulan, and their charged derivatives have been used as mobile phase additives for the separation of different enantiomers. Figure 10.10 [191,192,205,206]. Dextrins were found to have a wide application range, thought to be due in part to their helical structures. Enantiomer-chiral selector complexes seem to be weaker than for cyclodextrins, and it has not been demonstrated that enantiomer separations obtained by the poly(saccharide) chiral selectors cannot be obtained using cyclodextrins. Natural poly(saccharides) are typically complex mixtures of homologues and isomers, with a composition that can vary for different sources, resulting in differences in enantioselectivity. 

Bathe, M., Rutledge, G. C., Grodzinsky, A. J., and Tidor, B. A., Coarse-grained molecular model for glycosaminoglycans application to chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin and hyaluronic acid, Biophys. J., 88, 3870-3887 (2005). 

Among the miscellaneous applications of ion-selective electrodes are the use of the Orion calcium electrode for studying calcium ion activity in connection with membrane alkalinisation in mitochondria [282] and on mitosis [283—285]. The electrode has also been used to show that protein polysaccharides of cartillage chelate calcium ions very effectively [286]. Electrode studies of calcium binding by chondroitin sulphate are said to be subject to interference by the condroitin sulphate anion [287]. 

Limberg MB, McCaa C, Kissling GE, Kaufman HE. Topical application of hyaluronic acid and chondro-itin sulfate in the treatment of dry eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1987 103 194-197 Lindquist TD, Edenfield M. Cytotoxicity of viscoelastics on cultured corneal epithelial cells measured by plasminogen activator release. J Refract Corneal Surg 1994 10 95-102 MacRae SM, Edelhauser HE, Hyndiuk RA, Burd EM, Schultz RO. The effects of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and methylcellulose on the corneal endothelium and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 1983 95 332-341... 

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