Hyaluronate sodium

The PhEur 2005 describes sodium hyaluronate as the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-o-glucosamine disaccharide imits. 

Sodium hyaluronate occurs as white to off-white powder or granules. It is very hygroscopic. 

Sodium hyaluronate is the predominant form of hyaluronic acid at physiological pH. The name hyaluronan is used when the polysaccharide is mentioned in general terms, and in the literature the terms hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate are used interchangeably. 

Hyaluronan is used therapeutically to treat osteoarthritis in the knee, and is an effective treatment for arthritic pain. Crosslinked hyaluronan gels are used as drug delivery systems. 

Hyaluronan is the most common negatively charged glycosaminoglycan in the human vitreous humor, and is known to interact with polymeric and liposomal DNA complexes, where hyaluronan solutions have been shown to decrease the cellular uptake of complexes.This is useful for enhancing the availability and retention time of drugs administered to the eye. It is immunoneutral, which makes it useful for the attachment of biomaterials for use in tissue engineering and drug delivery 

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Anionic hydrophilic Sodium chondroitinsulfate, sodium alginate, carboxymethyj cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, sodium hyaluronate Buffer or salt solution (e.g., 0.1 M NaNO,)... 

Anionic, hydrophilic Sodium polyacrylate, sodium hyaluronate, carboxymethyl cellulose 0.1-0.3 M salt/buffer, pH 7-9... 

Fig. 28.—Antiparallel packing arrangement of 4-fold helices of sodium hyaluronate (26). (a) Stereo view of a unit cell approximately normal to the hc-plane. The two comer chains in the front (filled bonds) are linked directly by hydrogen bonds. The chain at the center (open bonds) interacts with die comer chains via sodium ions (crosses circles) and hydrogen bonds.

Mitra et al.AS have also re-refined the structures of the regular (26) and relaxed 4-fold sodium hyaluronate (27) helices for direct comparison with their own analysis of the relaxed 4-fold helix of potassium hyaluronate (29). Within experimental error, their final models strongly support the original results, which have been described here. 

Surini S, Akiyama H, Morishita M, Nagai T, Takayama K. Release phenomena of insulin from an implantable device composed of a polyion complex of chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. J Controlled Release 2003 90 291-301. 

Fig. 14.—Circular Dichroism of an i-Carrageenan Film and a Sodium Hyaluronate Film (—). (Redrawn from Refs. 27 and 29.)...

Fig. 30.—Circular Dichroism of (a) Hyaluronic Acid at pH 2.5 and (b) Sodium Hyaluronate at pH 6.9. (Redrawn from Ref. 29.)...

Chabrecek, P, Soltes, L., Kallay, Z., and Novak, I., Gel permeation chromatographic characterization of sodium hyaluronate and its fractions prepared by ultrasonic degradation, Chromatographia, 30, 201, 1990. 

Chondroitin sulfate (Viscoat , DuoVisc ) is also used in combination with sodium hyaluronate as a viscoelastic surgical aid to provide higher viscosities, which may provide additional tissue protection... 

O Camber, P Edman, R Gurny. (1987). Influence of sodium hyaluronate on the meiotic effect of pilocarpine in rabbits. Curr Eye Res 6 779-784. 

Sodium hyaluronate crystallizes in a hexagonal unit-cell with a = 11.7 A (1.17 nm) and c = 28.5 A (2.85 nm). Another form, produced by annealing, packs in a hexagonal unit-cell with a = 18.7 A (1.87 nm) and c = 28.5 A (2.85 nm). The conformation of the chain is a threefold helix. The significance of the side-chain interaction was discussed, and different packing schemes were proposed for the two types of unit cell. 

Four intraarticular hyaluronic acid preparations are available for treating pain associated with OA of the knee sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan 20 mg/2 ml Supartz 25 mg/2.5 mL), hylan polymers (Synvisc 16 mg/2 mL), and hyaluronan (Orthovisc 30 mg/2 mL). Hyalgan and Supartz are administered once weekly for five injections, whereas Synvisc and Orthovisc are administered once weekly for three injections. 

Sodium hexahydroxoantimonate(V), 3 60 Sodium hexametaphosphate, 3 416 Sodium hexavanadate, 25 517 Sodium hyaluronate... 

Sodium Hyaluronate Cream For leg ulcer, diabetic ulcer etc. 

Bemauer, W., Thiel, M.A., Kurrer, M., Heftigenhaus, A., Rentsch, KM., Schmitt, A., Heinz, C., Yanar, A Comeal calcification following intensified treatment with sodium hyaluronate artificial tears. Br J Ophthalmol 90(3), 285-288 (2006)... 

The vitreous humor volume is about 4 ml in an adult. Its viscosity is 2-4 times that of water and is dependent on the concentration of sodium hyaluronate. Although it has the outward appearance of a transparent, viscoelastic gel, it contains fine diameter type II collagen fibers (8-12 nm diameter) that entrap the large coiled hyaluronic acid molecules. These fibers give the gel a spherical structure with a dent in the anterior surface (the hyaloid fossa). The main constituent of the vitreous is water (98%) with a refractive index of 1.33, but the gel is... 

Hamano, T., et al. 1996. Sodium hyaluronate eye drops enhance tear film stability. Jpn J Ophthalmol 40 62. 

Condon, P.I., et.al. 1999. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, crossover, multicentre study to determine the efficacy of a 0.1% (w/v) sodium hyaluronate solution (Fermavisc) in the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 83 1121. 

Takayama K, Hirata M, Machida Y et al (1990) Effect of interpolymer complex formation on bioadhesive property and drug release phenomenon of compressed tablet consisting of chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. Chem Pharm Bull 38 1993-1997... 

Low resolution Fourier syntheses of electron density with phases calculated from an approximate but erroneous model may nevertheless indicate another model and thus provide an unusually compelling indication that the phasing model is imperfect. This strategy has been used to reject Hoogsteen in favor of Watson-Crick base-pairing in DNA (60,61), to eliminate 10-fold in favor of 11-fold helicies in A-RNA (62), to favor nested chains rather than double helices in the case of one form of sodium hyaluronate (40). 

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