Proteins, Polysaccharides

Theie aie only a few fat replacement products based on protein. LITA is a com protein—polysaccharide compound the role of the polysaccharide is to stabilize the protein (zein). The final product is 87% protein and 5% polysaccharide. The mixture, spray dried after processing, claims to look like cream on rehydration. It is low in viscosity, flavor, and lubricity, and is stable to mild heating. The protein particle size is 0.3—3 p.m (55). 

Compounds with similar stmctures, ie, polysaccharide chains covalentiy attached to polypeptide chains, but where the polysaccharides are not glycosaminoglycans, are found commonly in plants and are known as protein-polysaccharides. 

Lipoteichoic acids (from gram-positive bacteria) [56411-57-5J. Extracted by hot phenol/water from disrupted cells. Nucleic acids that were also extracted were removed by treatment with nucleases. Nucleic resistant acids, proteins, polysaccharides and teichoic acids were separated from lipoteichoic acids by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel or by hydrophobic interaction on octyl-Sepharose [Fischer et al. Ear J Biochem 133 523 1983]. 

The various kinds of proteins, polysaccharides, and fats are broken down into dieir component building blocks, which are relatively few in number. 

Whereas conventional poly (amino acids) are probably best grouped together with proteins, polysaccharides, and other endogenous polymeric materials, the pseudopoly (amino acids) can no longer be regarded as "natural polymers." Rather, they are synthetic polymers derived from natural metabolites (e.g., a-L-amino acids) as monomers. In this sense, pseudopoly (amino acids) are similar to polylactic acid, which is also a synthetic polymer, derived exclusively from a natural metabolite. 

Chemical analyses of capsular material from a number of bacteria show wide differences in composition. For this reason it is impossible to make statements which apply to all bacteria. In some organisms the capsular material appears to be a glycoprotein in others, a protein-polysaccharide complex in still others, a polysaccharide framework with the spaces filled in by a larger amount of glutamyl polypeptide. 

Attachment There is a high specificity in the interaction between virus and host. The most common basis for host specificity involves the attachment process. The virus particle itself has one or more proteins on the outside which interact with specific cell surface components called receptors. The receptors on the cell surface are normal surface components of the host, such as proteins, polysaccharides, or lipoprotein-polysaccharide complexes, to which the virus particle attaches. In the absence of the receptor site, the virus cannot adsorb, and hence cannot infect. If the receptor site is altered, the host may become resistant to virus infection. However, mutants of the virus can also arise which are able to adsorb to resistant hosts. 

The major biopolymers, in the cytoplasm particularly, are the same in the earliest cells as they are today DNA (RNA), proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. The cell protein content is discussed under the heading proteome. 

Finally, the versatility of the technique and its use as a chemical imaging technique allow retrieval of the structural composition of a sample, in order to understand its complete recipe [Mazel et al. 2008]. The composition of a sample from the Dogon statuette 71.1935.105.169 has been studied. Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and minerals have been found. The distribution of these different chemicals shows that the patina sample can be divided into four different layers (Figure 15.14). Layers 1 and 3 are mainly composed of proteins whereas layer 2 consists of lipids and polysaccharides. Minerals can be found at the interface of layers 1 and 2, and 2 and 3. Finally, layer 4 is the more complex because it contains all the types of compounds. One can suppose that it is in fact composed of different layers that do not appear clearly on the cross-section. 

Tolstoguzov VB (1986) Functional properties of protein-polysaccharide mixtures. In Mitchell JR, Ledwards, DA (eds) Functional properties of food macromolecules. Elsevier, London, p 385... 

Immunoelectron microscopy is not limited to nucleic acid localization but is also an essential component in the localization of a specific protein, polysaccharide, or theoretically any hapten under study. Therefore, immunoelectron microscopy is a valuable tool when it comes to the study of gene expression. Electron microscopy is a valuable tool in molecular biology and is even more powerful when combined with immunochemical techniques. 

We generally describe the structure of both synthetic and natural polymers in terms of four levels of structure primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure describes the precise sequence of the individual atoms that compose the polymer chain. For polymers that have only an average structure, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, a representative chain structure is often given. 

Part III presents the methods based on ACE for studying interactions of drugs and pharmaceutical vehicle systems with biological structures such as receptors, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. This part also describes and discusses methods for characterizing protein-protein interactions and immunoreactions. 

Macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids differ only in their physicochemical properties within the individual groups and their isolation on the basis of these differences is therefore difficult and time consuming. Considerable decreases may occur during their isolation procedure due to denaturation, cleavage, enz3rmatic hydrolysis, etc. The ability to bind other molecules reversibly is one of the most important properties of these molecules. The formation of specific and reversible complexes of biological macromolecules can serve as basis of their separation, purification and analysis by the affinity chromatography [6]. 

Dickinson, E. (1998). Stability and rheological implications ofelectrostatic milk protein-polysaccharide interactions. Trends Food Sci. TechnoL, 9, 347-354. 

The finding that, when the protein-polysaccharide complex (mainly chondroitin 4-sulfate) from pig rib-cartilage was treated with 0.2 M potassium hydroxide for 20 hours at 4°, only about 80% of the carbohydrate moieties were removed by /3-elimination, was interpreted as... 

B) protein-polysaccharide complex with amphiphilic compounds... 

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